Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (eBook)

R. Cervera, Munther Khamashta, Joan Carles Reverter (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 1. Auflage
266 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-093234-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease that causes abnormal blood clots. It is now recognized as a major cause of common conditions, including stroke, heart attack, miscarriage, epilepsy and memory loss and as such is gaining recognition in all branches of medicine, from obstetrics to cardiology, from psychiatry to orthopedics.
This book provides an overview of our current understanding of this major disease. It includes the latest information on the new pathogenetic mechanisms involved as well as clinical manifestations in both 'the thrombotic” and 'non-thrombotic” manifestations of this important disease.
* Comprehensive review of this major disease
* Includes information on treatment options available

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Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease that causes abnormal blood clots. It is now recognized as a major cause of common conditions, including stroke, heart attack, miscarriage, epilepsy and memory loss and as such is gaining recognition in all branches of medicine, from obstetrics to cardiology, from psychiatry to orthopedics.This book provides an overview of our current understanding of this major disease. It includes the latest information on the new pathogenetic mechanisms involved as well as clinical manifestations in both "e;the thrombotic and "e;non-thrombotic manifestations of this important disease. - Comprehensive review of this major disease- Includes information on treatment options available

Inhalt

Front cover 1
Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases 4
Copyright page 5
Dedication 6
Preface 8
Series Editor 10
Volume Editor 12
List of contributors 14
Contents 18
Chapter 1. History, Classification, and Subsets of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 20
1. Introduction 20
2. Historical perspective 20
3. Classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome 21
4. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome 22
5. Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with other diseases 24
6. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 26
7. Microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndrome 27
8. Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome 27
References 27
Chapter 2. Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 32
1. Classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome 32
2. Probable antiphospholipid syndrome 33
3. Classification criteria for catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 33
4. Validation of antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria 33
5. Predictors of antiphospholipid syndrome 35
6. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in arterial thrombosis 35
7. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in venous thrombosis 37
8. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy morbidity 38
9. Prevalence of non-criteria clinical manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome 40
10. Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population 41
11. Problems with assays and different study designs in the assessment of antiphospholipid syndrome 41
12. Antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases 44
13. Longitudinal studies 46
References 48
Chapter 3. Laboratory Heterogeneity of Antiphospholipid Antibodies 54
1. The antiphospholipid syndrome: definition and history 54
2. Serological assays used in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome 55
3. Functional assays used in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome 62
4. Conclusions and future perspectives in testing for antiphospholipid antibodies 66
Acknowledgments 67
References 67
Chapter 4. Mechanisms of Action of Antiphospholipid Antibodies 74
1. Introduction 74
2. Thrombotic events mediated by antiphospholipid antibodies 75
3. Antiphospholipid-mediated mechanisms responsible for fetal loss 78
4. Antiphospholipid-associated inflammatory events 80
5. Antiphospholipids recognize beta2GPI expressed on the surface membranes of different cell types 81
6. Non-thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome manifestations 83
References 84
Chapter 5. Tissue Factor in Antiphospholipid Antibody-induced Pregnancy Loss: Thrombosis versus Inflammation 88
1. Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis 88
2. Direct binding of antibodies: complement-independent mechanisms 88
3. Complement-mediated mechanisms 90
References 95
Chapter 6. Genetic Aspects of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome: HLA Associations 100
1. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations 100
2. HLA, antiphospholipid syndrome, and antiphospholipid antibodies 100
3. Conclusions 105
References 106
Chapter 7. Genetic Aspects of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Association with Clinical Manifestations 110
1. Introduction 110
2. Major alterations of thrombophilia 110
3. Minor alterations of thrombophilia 113
References 119
Chapter 8. Systemic Manifestations of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 124
1. Introduction 124
2. Large vessel manifestations 124
3. Neurologic manifestations 124
4. Cardiac manifestations 128
5. Pulmonary manifestations 129
6. Renal manifestations 129
7. Adrenal manifestations 130
8. Hepatic and digestive manifestations 130
9. Dermatologic manifestations 131
10. Osteoarticular manifestations 131
11. Hematologic manifestations 131
References 132
Chapter 9. Obstetric Manifestations of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 136
1. Introduction 136
2. Early miscarriages 137
3. Fetal death 137
4. Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome 138
References 141
Chapter 10. Pediatric Antiphospholipid Syndrome 144
1. Introduction 144
2. Epidemiology 144
3. Clinical manifestations 147
4. Differential diagnosis 152
5. Treatment and outcome 152
References 154
Chapter 11. Antiphospholipid Antibodies, Infections, and Drugs 158
1. Introduction 158
2. Antiphospholipid antibodies associated with infections 159
3. The infection origin of the antiphospholipid syndrome 161
4. Antiphospholipid and vaccination 163
5. Drug-induced antiphospholipid antibodies 163
6. Summary 164
References 164
Chapter 12. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Associated with Malignancies 168
1. Introduction 168
2. Solid and hematological malignancies and antiphospholipid antibodies 168
3. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and malignancies 171
4. Therapeutic aspects 172
5. Conclusion 172
References 172
Chapter 13. Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Vasculitis 174
1. Introduction 174
2. Some clues to the pathophysiology in endothelial inflammation 175
3. Cutaneous vasculitis 175
4. Non-cutaneous organ-specific vasculitis 177
5. Systemic vasculitides 177
6. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica 180
7. Takayasu’s arteritis 182
8. Behçet’s disease 182
9. Mesenteric inflammatory veno-occlusive disease 183
10. Buerger’s disease 183
References 183
Chapter 14. Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Atherosclerosis 188
1. Introduction 188
2. Clinical evidence for or against a relationship between antiphospholipid antibodies and atherosclerosis 189
3. Classic antiphospholipid antibodies: can they explain all autoimmune mechanisms for atherosclereosis or are they the tip of an iceberg? 192
4. Intravascular autoantibodies: evidence for effects on traditional cardiovascular risk factors 193
5. Natural autoantibodies: can they protect against atherosclerosis and are they related to antiphospholipid antibodies? 196
References 198
Chapter 15. Treatment of Thrombosis in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 204
1. Introduction 204
2. Prevention of recurrent thrombosis 205
3. Primary thromboprophylaxis 207
4. Other therapies 208
References 209
Chapter 16. Treatment of Infertility and Early Pregnancy Loss in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 212
1. Introduction 212
2. Management of infertile patients having antiphospholipid antibodies 212
3. Management of early pregnancy loss in patients having antiphospholipid antibodies 214
References 219
Chapter 17. Treatment of Late Pregnancy Complications in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 222
1. Introduction 222
2. Obstetric complications associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome 222
3. Mechanisms for adverse pregnancy outcomes 223
4. Therapeutic options for women with the antiphospholipid syndrome 224
5. Management algorithm 227
6. Management of specific complications 229
7. Conclusions 230
References 230
Chapter 18. Difficult Clinical Situations in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 234
1. Introduction 234
2. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 234
3. Recurrent events despite optimal anticoagulation 236
4. Long-term management of anticoagulation in APS patients 238
5. Thrombocytopenia 239
6. Nephropathy 239
7. Cardiac valvular disease 241
8. Cognitive dysfunction independent of stroke 242
9. Non-healing skin ulcers 243
10. Lupus anticoagulant hypoprothrombinemia syndrome 243
11. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage 244
12. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 245
13. Perioperative medical management of APS patients 246
14. Endovascular procedures: cardiac stents and inferior vena cava filters 247
References 248
Chapter 19. Future of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 254
1. Introduction 254
2. Magnitude of the problem/Clinical implications 254
3. Pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome 254
4. Clinical spectrum of the antiphospholipid syndrome 255
5. Clinical laboratory testing for antiphospholipid antibodies 255
6. Areas of uncertainty regarding patient management 256
7. Newer anticoagulants 257
8. Novel therapeutic approaches 257
9. Better patient education and advocacy 258
10. Summary 258
References 258
Index 262

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.4.2009
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Rheumatologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Infektiologie / Immunologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-093234-7 / 0080932347
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-093234-7 / 9780080932347