Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, Seventh Edition, provides extensive reviews and critical evaluations of research on the social aspects of aging. It also makes available major references and identifies high-priority topics for future research. The book is organized into four parts. Part 1 reviews developments in the field of age and the life course (ALC) studies and presents guidelines on conducting cohort analysis. Part 2 covers the demographic aspects of aging; longevity trends; disability and aging; and stratification and inequality research. Part 3 includes chapters that examine socioeconomic position and racial/ethnic disparities in health at older ages; the role of social factors in the distribution, antecedents, and consequences of depression; and aspects of private wealth transfers and the changing nature of family gift-giving. Part 4 deals with pension reform in Europe; the political activities of older Americans; the future of retirement security; and gender differences in old age. The Handbook is intended for researchers, professional practitioners, and students in the field of aging. It can also serve as a basic reference tool for scholars, professionals, and others who are not presently engaged in research and practice directly focused on aging and the aged. - Contains all the main areas of social science gerontological research in one volume- Begins with a section on theory and methods- Edited by one of the fathers of gerontology (Binstock) and contributors represent top scholars in gerontology
Front Cover 1
Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Foreword 12
Preface 14
About the Editors 16
Part 1: Theory and Methods 18
Chapter 1. Age, the Life Course, and the Sociological Imagination: Prospects for Theory 20
INTRODUCTION: AGE, LIFE COURSE, AND SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 20
THE EMERGENCE OF THE LIFE COURSE IN THE STUDY OF AGE 21
BIOGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE: TWO PARADIGMS OF LIFE COURSE SCHOLARSHIP 21
STRATEGIES OF EXPLANATION 22
THE BIOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE 22
SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES OF AGE AND THE LIFE COURSE AND THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 27
SUMMARY: AGE AND THE REACH OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 29
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 30
REFERENCES 30
Chapter 2. Aging, Cohorts, and Methods 34
INTRODUCTION 34
EARLY LITERATURE 35
NEW DEVELOPMENTS: MODELS, METHODS, AND SUBSTANTIVE RESEARCH 36
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 44
REFERENCES 46
Part 2: Aging and Social Structure 48
Chapter 3. Demography and Aging 50
INTRODUCTION 50
POPULATION AGING TRENDS AND UNDERLYING DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE 50
ALTERNATIVE INDICATORS OF POPULATION AGING 53
DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION AGING 58
POLICY RESPONSES RELATED TO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS 59
DEMOGRAPHY IS NOT DESTINY 60
REFERENCES 60
Chapter 4. Trends in Longevity and Prospects for the Future 64
INTRODUCTION 64
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION 65
FROM VOLATILITY TO STABILITY IN OUTER REGIONS OF THE LIFESPAN 65
THE BIOLOGY OF LIFE AND DEATH 66
FUTURISTS, OPTIMISTS, AND REALISTS 68
LONGEVITY/MORTALITY “SHOCKS” 69
THE FUTURE OF HUMAN LONGEVITY 70
CONCLUSIONS 71
REFERENCES 72
Chapter 5. Disability, Functioning, and Aging 74
INTRODUCTION 74
DEFINING AND MEASURING DISABILITY 75
THE DEMOGRAPHY OF LATE-LIFE DISABILITY 79
POPULATION TRENDS IN LATE-LIFE DISABILITY 83
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 85
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 85
REFERENCES 85
Chapter 6. Global Aging 90
INTRODUCTION 90
GLOBAL AGING AND HEALTH 93
WORK, RETIREMENT, AND WEALTH ACCUMULATION IN AN AGING WORLD 99
FAMILIES, LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, AND INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS 101
GLOBAL AGING, POPULATION WELL-BEING, AND FUTURE RESEARCH 103
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 104
REFERENCES 104
Chapter 7. Racial and Ethnic Influences Over the Life Course 108
INTRODUCTION 108
DEFINING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN SOCIOECONOMIC AND HEALTH STATUSES: UNEQUAL TREATMENT AND UNEQUAL OUTCOMES 109
OBSERVED DIFFERENCES IN AGING AMONG RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS: MULTIPLE AND INTERSECTING CAUSATION 111
BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES ON RACE CATEGORIZATION 111
THE LAW OF SMALL EFFECTS 112
AGE, PERIOD, AND COHORT INFLUENCES ON RACE AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN AGING: DEFINING THE SOCIAL GROUP 112
LIFE COURSE, COHORT, AND PERIOD PERSPECTIVES ON RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP DIFFERENCES: THINKING ABOUT THE RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP LIFE COURSE 115
ELIMINATING RACE AND ETHNIC-BASED AGING DISPARITIES OVER THE LIFE COURSE: ARE THERE CRITICAL POINTS OF INTERVENTION? 115
CONCLUSIONS: HOW SOCIAL GROUP DESIGNATIONS OF RACE AND ETHNICITY BECOME PHYSICAL REALITIES – A BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK 116
SUMMARY 118
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 118
REFERENCES 118
Chapter 8. Stratification and Inequality Over the Life Course 122
INTRODUCTION 122
A BRIEF HISTORY OF INEQUALITY STUDIES 123
THE LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE AND INEQUALITY 124
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE LIFE COURSE STUDY OF INEQUALITY 127
CONCLUSIONS 131
REFERENCES 132
Part 3: Social Factors and Social Institutions 136
Chapter 9. Health Disparities Among Older Adults: Life Course Influences and Policy Solutions 138
INTRODUCTION 138
HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS 139
LIFE COURSE APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING HEALTH DISPARITIES AT OLDER AGES 140
THE LIFE COURSE, FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES, AND POLICY SOLUTIONS 142
POLICY APPROACHES TO ADDRESSING HEALTH DISPARITIES 143
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES 144
CONCLUSION: NEW PATHWAYS FOR RESEARCH 146
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 10. Molecular Genetics, Aging, and Well-being: Sensitive Period, Accumulation, and Pathway Models 152
INTRODUCTION 152
CROSS-FERTILIZING MOLECULAR GENETICS AND THE LIFE COURSE PARADIGM 153
MOLECULAR GENETIC PROCESSES IN THE LIFE COURSE 155
LOOKING FORWARD 161
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 161
REFERENCES 162
Chapter 11. Social Factors, Depression, and Aging 166
INTRODUCTION 166
DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE: DEFINITIONS REMAIN CONTENTIOUS 167
MEASURING DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 167
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN LATER LIFE 168
SOCIAL FACTORS AND DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 169
SOCIAL FACTORS AND DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE: EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 170
SOCIAL FACTORS AND RECOVERY FROM DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 175
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 175
REFERENCES 176
Chapter 12. Aging, Inheritance, and Gift-Giving 180
INTRODUCTION 180
COMPETING EXPLANATIONS OF INTERGENERATIONAL WEALTH TRANSFERS 181
PUBLIC–PRIVATE NEXUS OF WEALTH TRANSFERS 183
DEMOGRAPHY OF FAMILY GIFTING AND WILLS 184
THE MORAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS IN LATE LIFE 186
INHERITANCE AND INTERGENERATIONAL FINANCIAL EXCHANGES IN AN AGING SOCIETY 187
CONCLUSION AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 187
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 188
REFERENCES 188
Chapter 13. Economic Status of the Aged in the United States 192
INTRODUCTION 192
ELDERS AND YOUNGER FAMILIES OVER TIME 193
MEASURING POVERTY OR ADEQUACY 195
COMPONENTS OF INCOME OF THE ELDERLY TODAY 196
RETIREMENT INCOME REPLACEMENT RATES 198
WEALTH HOLDINGS IN 2007 AND LOSSES IN 2008–09 200
OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE 203
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS 204
REFERENCES 206
Chapter 14. Employment and Aging 210
INTRODUCTION 210
FROM MORE TO LESS TO MORE AGAIN: US LABOR FORCE TRENDS SINCE WORLD WAR II 210
OLDER AMERICAN WORKERS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 214
WHERE OLDER AMERICANS WORK 216
TRANSITIONS FROM WORK TO RETIREMENT – AND BACK 216
THE MEANING OF WORK FOR OLDER WORKERS 217
HEALTH STATUS AND WORK ABILITY 217
THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR OLDER WORKERS 218
AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT 219
ACCOMMODATIONS FOR AN AGING WORKFORCE 219
RECONCILING THE NEEDS OF WORKERS, EMPLOYERS, AND THE ECONOMY: TOWARD AN AGE-NEUTRAL WORKFORCE? 220
ISSUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 220
REFERENCES 221
Chapter 15. The Changing Residential Environments of Older People 224
THE INCREASING DEMANDS MADE OF THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT 224
DWELLING OR HOME ENVIRONMENTS 226
NEIGHBORHOOD AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTS 227
LONG-TERM CARE ARRANGEMENTS AS RESIDENTIAL SETTINGS 232
CONCLUSION 233
REFERENCES 234
Chapter 16. Civic Engagement and Aging 238
INTRODUCTION 238
DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS 239
MEASURING CIVIC ENGAGEMENT 240
TRENDS 241
IMPLICATIONS OF CIVIC ENGAGEMENT FOR OLDER ADULTS 242
IMPLICATIONS OF CIVIC ENGAGEMENT FOR SOCIETY 244
CHALLENGES AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 245
REFERENCES 247
Chapter 17. Late-Life Death and Dying in 21st-Century America 252
INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF OVERVIEW 252
DEFINING DEATH AND DYING 253
DEATH AND DYING IN AMERICA: HISTORICAL CHANGES IN SOCIAL NORMS 254
INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL ISSUES 257
MEDICAL/TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES 259
NOT QUITE THE END: LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENTS (LSTs) 260
CONCLUSIONS 261
REFERENCES 262
Part 4: Aging and Society 266
Chapter 18. The Political Economy of Pension Reform in Europe 268
INTRODUCTION 268
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENSIONS IN EUROPE 269
CURRENT CHALLENGES 271
THE DYNAMICS OF PENSION REFORM 272
THE POLITICS OF PENSION REFORM 276
THE FUTURE OF PENSIONS 278
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 279
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 19. Politics and Aging in the United States 282
INTRODUCTION 282
POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF OLDER AMERICANS 283
THE ELECTORAL BLUFF AND OLD-AGE-BASED ORGANIZATIONS 286
THE POLITICS OF OLD-AGE INTEREST GROUPS 287
WILL THE POLITICS OF AGING CHANGE? 292
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 294
REFERENCES 294
Chapter 20. The Future of Retirement Security 298
INTRODUCTION 298
SOCIAL SECURITY IN THE US 298
EMPLOYER-SPONSORED PENSIONS IN THE US 300
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN RETIREMENT SECURITY POLICY 301
CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF RETIREMENT SECURITY 308
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 308
REFERENCES 309
Chapter 21. Organization and Financing of Health Care 312
INTRODUCTION 312
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICARE AND MEDICAID 313
THE PRESSURES ON THE MEDICARE PROGRAM 315
SUPPLEMENTING MEDICARE WITH MEDICAID AND OTHER INSURANCE 316
FUTURE CHALLENGES AND CHANGES 320
REFERENCES 323
Chapter 22. Long-Term Care Financing, Service Delivery, and Quality Assurance: The International Experience 326
INTRODUCTION 326
POPULATION AGING 326
FINANCING 327
SERVICE DELIVERY 332
QUALITY ASSURANCE 335
THE UTILITY OF LOOKING BEYOND OUR BORDERS 337
REFERENCES 337
Chapter 23. Gender, Aging, and Social Policy 340
INTRODUCTION 340
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 340
CHANGING GENDER DYNAMICS 341
GENDER AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN OLD AGE 343
HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 346
FUTURE RESEARCH 348
REFERENCES 349
Chapter 24. Aging and Social Intervention: Life Course Perspectives 354
INTRODUCTION: CONTRASTING OBSERVATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF HEALTHY AGING 354
A LIFE COURSE APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH 355
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND COGNITIVE AGING: RESULTS FROM OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 358
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES LINKING SOCIAL INTEGRATION TO CVD 359
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION ON COGNITIVE OUTCOMES: RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 361
INTERVENTION STUDIES LINKING SOCIAL INTEGRATION TO COGNITIVE OUTCOMES 362
CAN WE CHANGE SOCIAL INTEGRATION? WHEN HAVE INTERVENTIONS BEEN SUCCESSFUL? 363
IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL INTERVENTION 364
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 364
REFERENCES 365
Chapter 25. Fiscal Implications of Population Aging 370
INTRODUCTION 370
RECENT HISTORY AND NEAR-TERM OUTLOOK 370
INDIRECT IMPACTS – DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, THE ECONOMY, AND THE BUDGET 372
BUDGET PROJECTIONS AND THE LONG-TERM OUTLOOK 373
WHAT IS CAUSING THE FISCAL GAP? 376
CONCLUSIONS 381
REFERENCES 382
Author Index 384
A 384
B 384
C 386
D 387
E 388
F 388
G 389
H 390
I 391
J 391
K 391
L 392
M 393
N 394
O 395
P 395
Q 396
R 396
S 396
T 398
U 399
V 399
W 399
X 400
Y 400
Z 400
Subject Index 402
A 402
B 402
C 402
D 403
E 403
F 404
G 404
H 404
I 405
L 405
M 405
N 405
O 406
P 406
R 406
S 406
T 407
V 407
W 407
Y 407
Z 407
Age, the Life Course, and the Sociological Imagination
Prospects for Theory
Dale Dannefer, Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter Contents
Introduction: Age, Life Course and Sociological Imagination
The Emergence of the Life Course in the Study of Age
Biography and Structure: Two Paradigms of Life Course Scholarship
Cell A1: Individual Life Course Outcomes Accounted for by Personological Factors
General Age-Related Change Processes
Cell B1: Individual Life Course Outcomes Explained by Sociological Factors
The Potential of Social Circumstances in Adulthood to Modify Life Course Trajectories
Predictive Adaptive Response: The Interaction of Fetal Development with Adult Health
Physical and Genetic Effects of Experience During Adulthood
Cell A2: Collective Life Course Outcomes Accounted for by Personological Factors
Cell B2: Collective Life Course Outcomes Accounted for by Sociological Factors
The Institutional Perspective: Cells C and D
Sociological Accounts of Age and Life Course as Elements of Social Structure
Personological Approaches to the Life Course as Structure
Social Science Theories of Age and the Life Course and the Sociological Imagination
Introduction: Age, Life Course, and Sociological Imagination
Recent years have seen a range of new issues emerging to confront social science approaches to age and the life course (hereafter ALC). These include an expanding array of work on the life course in fields as diverse as health and criminology, the growing body of work on cumulative dis/advantage that problematizes the intersection of age and inequality, break-through understandings of biosocial interactions, and global population aging. In some respects, such issues represent fresh versions of longstanding problems in the study of ALC. Yet they also comprise a range of new phenomena for analysis that may challenge the contours of existing theory, and they cannot be ignored by efforts to develop a theoretical understanding of ALC.
This chapter reviews aspects of these developments in the context of more general theoretical considerations. It begins with a review of the place of theory in life course studies. Although the field of ALC has been subjected to little formal theorizing, insights contributed along several axes of inquiry have had a major impact on the study of age, especially in compelling a recognition of the importance of social circumstances and events in shaping age-related patterns and outcomes. Moreover, despite the lack of formal theory, theoretical assumptions are often implicit in empirical studies and discussions of the life course, and they have consequences for the framing of research questions and the interpretation of findings. This chapter is concerned with such implicit assumptions as well as more explicit theoretical statements.
To organize the discussion, I rely on a refined version of the matrix of ALC research outlined in earlier work (Dannefer & Kelley-Moore, 2009; Dannefer & Uhlenberg, 1999), comprised of typologies of explananda (types of phenomena to be explained) and explanantia (types of explanations), beginning by offering some general comments about the development of theoretical problems in the study of ALC. It is useful to begin by clarifying what is meant by “theory” – a term with many possible definitions. As defined here, a scientific theory consists of an effort to provide an account or explanation of a phenomenon of interest, based on empirical evidence. It is the objective of theory to illuminate that which was obscure and simplify that which was complex or bewildering. By showing how seemingly disparate forces may be connected to each other, it gives order to a congeries of disorganized observations.
Developing sound theory has special challenges in fields where unsound beliefs and assumptions abound, which is inevitably the case in the study of age. “Knowledge” of many familiar and seemingly obvious age-related phenomena – often those involving forms of decline – is readily available to everyone. Despite extensive evidence that development and aging are contingent and modifiable processes, even social and behavioral scientists share the popular idea that many kinds of individual change “inevitably happen” with age, and are therefore “explained” by age. From doctor visits to late-night television, such assumptions are part of daily experience in late modern societies, to which gerontologists are not immune.
In the case of age, the problem is complicated not only by an unreflected and culturally defined familiarity with the subject matter, but also by the fact that age itself appears as a property of the individual that is anchored largely in the self-contained processes of the organism. It is thus inherently a topic that is vulnerable to reductionism, naturalization, and microfication.
Half a century ago, C. Wright Mills called upon social scientists to cultivate and nurture “sociological imagination” – the proactive exploration of the ways in which social forces shape human experience and the values and perspectives that regulate individual lives. As Mills noted, a failure to exercise sociological imagination is an abdication of intellectual responsibility that risks the ceding of conceptual terrain to the explanatory efforts of other disciplines (1959, p. 13–18). This chapter is concerned with the potentials of sociological imagination to illuminate the issues currently facing the study of ALC, from the dynamics of retirement to gene–environment (GE) interactions. We begin with a review of key developments in the establishment of the current field of ALC studies, before focusing on how social science explanations are being mobilized in current work and their potentials for illuminating emerging questions and issues.
The Emergence of the Life Course in the Study of Age
In the last few decades, the role of circumstances and events in shaping how human beings’ age has been increasingly recognized, catalyzed by the emergence of several strands of work that comprise the life course perspective. These themes were given an initial articulation in early statements outlining the life course as a field of study (Cain, 1964; Elder, 1975). Along with cohort analysis (Ryder, 1965) and Riley’s initial articulation of the “aging and society” (or “age stratification”) framework (Riley et al., 1972, 1994), the life course perspective emerged in the 1970s as a key arena of scholarship for understanding aging. Simultaneously, constructivist approaches provided fresh and powerful insights into the constitution of aging in everyday life (e.g. Gubrium, 1978). The sociological imagination was clearly vibrant during this foundational period, which established life course principles as essential to understanding human aging.
Biography and Structure: Two Paradigms of Life Course Scholarship
From its beginnings, the life course perspective has included two broad, yet distinct, paradigmatic orientations, which may termed the biographical and the institutional. The term biographical encompasses the analysis of life course patterns and outcomes in terms of trajectories and transitions; the institutional perspective refers to the organization of social structures and practices in age-graded and age-normalized terms. The distinction represents a refinement of an earlier framework (e.g. Dannefer & Kelley-Moore, 2009) and is also represented in other recent discussions, such as Mayer’s contrast of “early conditions and later life outcomes” vs “institutions” as the two major foci of life course research (2009, pp. 417–419). Each of these orientations is focused on a distinct set of explananda, with its own research questions and problems. Both are essential to a full discussion of ALC theory.
The biographical perspective is focused on depicting the trajectories and transitions that characterize individual lives. Studies in this tradition have numerous intellectual foci ranging from identifying the impact of individuals’ early experiences on subsequent life outcomes to studies that examine historical change in transition behavior. In this tradition, the explananda consist of the empirical patterning and/or outcomes of individual lives. For most research within the biographical tradition, the individual is the unit of analysis (George, 2009). However, the unit of analysis can also be collective. Indeed, the cohort is often the unit of analysis in several important lines of life course research, such as studies of cumulative dis/advantage that rely on measures of inequality, and studies of life transition behavior based on cohort-level measures.
The institutional...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 26.11.2010 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie |
| Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Entwicklungspsychologie | |
| Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Sozialpsychologie | |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Geriatrie | |
| Recht / Steuern ► Privatrecht / Bürgerliches Recht ► Zivilverfahrensrecht | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-380881-2 / 0123808812 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-380881-3 / 9780123808813 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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