Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook (eBook)

Teruo Okano, Raphael M. Ottenbrite, Kinam Park (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XX, 432 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-1-4419-5919-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Hydrogels are networks of polymer chains which can produce a colloidal gel containing over 99 per cent water. The superabsorbency and permeability of naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels give this class of materials an amazing array of uses. These uses range from wound dressings and skin grafts to oxygen-permeable contact lenses to biodegradable delivery systems for drugs or pesticides and scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook provides a comprehensive description of this diverse class of materials, covering both synthesis and properties and a broad range of research and commercial applications. The Handbook is divided into four sections: Stimuli-Sensitive Hydrogels, Hydrogels for Drug Delivery, Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering, and Hydrogels with Unique Properties.

Key Features:

• Provides comprehensive coverage of the basic science and applications of a diverse class of materials
• Includes both naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels
• Edited and written by world leaders in the field.

Inhalt

Preface 8
Contents 10
List of Contributors 18
Introduction to Hydrogels 22
Crosslinked Polymers 22
Hydrogels Synthesis 23
Expansion of a Hydrogels Structure 24
Swelling Forces in Hydrogels 25
Swelling Mechanism 27
Water in Hydrogels 27
Hydrogels Properties 29
Hydrogels Characterization 29
Hydrogels Applications 33
Summary 36
References 36
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels and Their Application to Functional Materials 39
Introduction 39
Stimuli-Responsive Gels as Functional Materials 39
Function of Mechanical Motion 40
Function of Information Transmission and Transformation 40
Shape Memory 40
Optical Function 40
Molecular Recognition 41
Function of Mass Transport 41
Pulsatile Drug Release Control Using Hydrogels 41
Intelligent Surfaces for Bioseparation 42
Cell-Sheet Engineering Using an Intelligent Surface 44
Cell-Sheet Engineering 44
Intelligent Surfaces 46
Immobilization of Cell-Adhesive Peptides 46
Micropatterned Surfaces 48
Design of Network Structure for Functional Gels 49
Topological Gels, Double Network Structure Gels, Nanocomposite Gels 49
Graft Gels 50
Microfabrication of Gels 50
Self-Oscillating Gels as Novel Biomimetic Materials 51
Design of Self-Oscillating Gels 52
Self-Oscillating Behavior of the Gels 53
Self-Oscillation of the Miniature Bulk Gels 53
Control of Oscillation Period and Amplitude 54
On–Off Regulation of Self-Beating Motion 54
Peristaltic Motion of Gels with Propagation of Chemical Wave 54
Design of Biomimetic Micro-/Nanoactuator Using Self-Oscillating Polymers and Gels 54
Self-Walking Gels 54
Microfabrication of the Gels by Lithography 57
Control of Chemical Wave Propagation in Self-Oscillating Gels Array 57
Self-Oscillating Polymer Chains as a “Nano-oscillator” 58
Self-Flocculating/Dispersing Oscillation of Microgels 58
Fabrication of Microgel Beads Monolayer 60
Self-Oscillation Under Physiological Conditions 61
References 61
Feedback Control Systems Using Environmentally and Enzymatically Sensitive Hydrogels 64
Hydrogels as Basic Functional Elements of a Control System 64
Hydrogels in Sensors 66
Optical Transduction 66
Mechanical Transduction 67
Electric Transduction 67
Limitation of Enzyme Secondary Substrate 67
Preservation of Enzyme Activity 69
Hydrogels as Actuators 69
Magnetically Controlled Systems 70
Ultrasonically Controlled Systems 70
Electronically Controlled Systems 70
Photo-Controlled Systems 70
Thermally Controlled Systems 72
Chemically Controlled Systems 72
Protein Responsive and Controlled Systems 73
Self-Regulated Hydrogels-Based Systems 74
pH Feedback Systems 74
Temperature Feedback Systems 76
Protein Concentration Feedback Systems 76
Enzyme Cofactor Feedback System 76
Glucose Concentration Feedback Systems 77
Hydrogels-Based Feedforward and Cascade Systems 79
Summary 81
References 82
Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels 84
Introduction 84
Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 85
Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels Using Glucose Oxidase 85
Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels Using Phenylboronic Acid 86
Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels Using Lectin 88
Protein-Responsive Hydrogels 91
Enzyme-Responsive Hydrogels 91
Antigen-Responsive Hydrogels 93
Other Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels 96
Molecularly Imprinted Hydrogels 96
Other Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels 99
Summary 103
References 103
Stimuli-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels for Smart Nanomedicine 106
Introduction 106
Synthesis and Characterization of Stimuli-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels 107
Tumor-Specific Smart 19F MRI Nanoprobes Based on pH-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels 109
pH-Responsive PEGylated Nanogels for Intracellular Drug Delivery Systems 113
Smart Apoptosis Nanoprobe Based on the PEGylated Nanogels Containing GNPs for Monitoring the Cancer Response to Therapy 117
Summary 123
References 123
Stimuli-Sensitive Microhydrogels 125
Introduction 125
Stimuli-Sensitive Microgels 125
Preparation of Microhydrogels 125
Microgel Preparation by Particle-Forming Polymerization 126
Microgel Preparation by Surface Modification of Core Particle 126
Microgel Preparation by Assembling Polymer Molecules in Solution 127
Stimuli Responsiveness of Microhydrogels 127
Temperature Responsiveness of Microhydrogels 127
Microgel Volume Phase Transition Temperature 127
Temperature Dependent Hydrophilicity–Hydrophobicity of Microgel 129
pH Responsiveness of Microhydrogels 129
Responsiveness of Microhydrogels to Other Stimuli 130
Multistimuli-Sensitive Microhydrogels 130
Preparation of Inorganic Nanoparticles/Polymer Composite Microgel 130
Preparation of Inorganic Microgel Composites 130
Polymer Composite Microgel Functions 132
Noble Metal Nanoparticles/PNIPAM Composite Microgel 132
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Polymer Composite Microgels 132
Magnetite Nanoparticles/PNIPAM Composite Microgels 132
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels 133
Titania Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels 134
Photoluminescent Nanocrystals/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels 134
Miscellaneous Nanoparticles/Thermosensitive Composite Microgels 134
Assemblies and Colloid Crystals of Thermosensitive Microgels 135
Summary 135
References 135
In-Situ Gelling Stimuli-Sensitive PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymer Hydrogels 139
Introduction 139
Thermogelling PEG–PNIPAM Block Copolymers 140
Pluronic-Based In-Situ Forming Hydrogels 142
Thermogelling PEG/PLGA Amphiphilic Block Copolymers 143
Thermogelling Star-Shaped and Graft PEG/PLGA Amphiphilic Copolymers 147
Thermogelling PEG–PCL Amphiphilic Copolymers 148
Thermogelling PEG-Based Amphiphilic Multiblock Copolymers 150
pH- and Thermo-Sensitive PEG–Polyester Amphiphilic Copolymer Hydrogels 150
PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymers Modified by Anionic Weak Polyelectrolytes 151
PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymers Modified by Cationic Weak Polyelectrolytes 154
Summary 157
Acknowledgments 158
References 158
Biodegradable Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release 163
Introduction 163
The Nature of Biodegradable Hydrogels 164
Physical Hydrogels 165
Hydrophobic Interactions Hydrogels 166
Ionic Interaction Hydrogels 168
Hydrogen Bonded Hydrogels 169
Chemically Bonded Hydrogels 169
Summary 170
References 170
Thermo-Responsive Biodegradable Hydrogels from Stereocomplexed Poly(lactide)s 172
Introduction 172
Micelles and Hydrogels with Various Block, Graft, and Armed PLA Copolymers 173
Stereocomplexation of Enantiomeric PLAs, and the Hydrogels Applications 174
Hydrogels Study on Enantiomeric PLA–PEG Linear Block Copolymers 177
Motivation for the Study of Stereocomplexed Micellar Hydrogels 177
Copolymer Synthesis and Gels Formation 178
Hydrogels from Micellar Solutions of ABA Triblock Copolymers 178
Hydrogels from BAB Triblock Copolymers 182
Hydrogels from AB Diblock Copolymers 183
Hydrogels Properties and Applications 188
Summary 188
References 188
Hydrogels-Based Drug Delivery System with Molecular Imaging 193
Introduction 193
Hydrogels Polymers for Imaging Probes 194
Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) and Its Copolymers 197
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) 197
Molecular Probes for Imaging 198
Gold Nanoparticles 198
Magnetic Nanoparticles 198
Fluorescence Dyes 199
Microbubbles 201
Quantum Dots 201
Molecular Probe/Polymer Composite Systems 201
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle/Polymer Composite Systems 203
Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite Systems 204
Microbubble/Polymer Composite Systems 205
Drug Delivery System with Molecular Imaging Capability 205
Summary 207
References 207
Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications 216
Introduction 216
Hydrogels Designs for Tissue Engineering 217
Crosslinking Methods to Form Hydrogels 219
Chemical Crosslinking by Radical Polymerization 219
Crosslinking Functional Groups 220
Crosslinking by Enzymatic Reactions 223
Crosslinking by Stereocomplexation 224
Hydrogels by Thermo-Gelation 225
Crosslinking by Self Assembly 225
Crosslinking by Inclusion Complexation 226
Combining Physical and Chemical Crosslinking 227
Naturally Derived Hydrogels 228
Protein-Based Polymers 228
Polysaccharides 229
Synthetic Hydrogels 230
Hydrogels Based on PEG–PLA and PEG–PGA Copolymers 230
Fumaric Acid-Based Hydrogels 230
Hybrid Hydrogels 230
Tissue Engineering Applications 232
Bone Graft Substitutes 232
Cartilage Regeneration 233
Summary 234
References 234
Composite Hydrogels for Scaffold Design, Tissue Engineering, and Prostheses 239
Introduction 239
Basic Concepts and Properties 240
Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration 247
Composite hydrogels for bone replacement: 249
Composite hydrogels for menisci: 251
Composite hydrogels for cartilage: 252
Summary 254
References 254
Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 258
Introduction 258
Characterization of Hydrogels 259
Theory of Viscoelastic Behavior 259
Cartilage Morphology, Properties and Diseases 261
Composition of Articular Cartilage 261
Chondrocyte 261
Histological Organization of Articular Cartilage 262
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) 264
Pathology of Articular Cartilage 264
Cartilage Repair 265
Cartilage Regeneration 266
Tissue Engineering (TE) 266
Cell Origins 267
Scaffolds 268
Hydrogels Polymers (FIGURE 4) 268
In Situ Crosslinkable Hydrogels 272
Polymer Associations 273
Physical and Mechanical Behavior 273
Summary 275
References 275
Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Cell Assembly 280
Introduction 280
Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for the Controlled Hepatocyte Assembly 285
Establishing a Multicellular Model by 3D Cell Assembly for Metabolic Syndrome 289
Cryopreservation of 3D Constructs Based on Controlled Cell Assembly 291
Summary 293
References 294
Double Network Hydrogels as Tough, Durable Tissue Substitutes 296
Introduction 296
Robust Gels with High Elasticity 297
DN Gels from Synthetic Polymers 297
Necking Phenomenon of DN Gels 299
Local Damage Zone Model for the Toughening Mechanism of DN Gels 301
Robust Gels from Bacterial Cellulose 301
Sliding Friction of Gels 303
Frictional Behavior of Gels 303
Dependence on Load 303
Sample Area Dependence 304
Substrate Effect 305
Extremely Low Friction Gels 306
Template Effect on Gels Surface Structure and Its Friction 306
Robust Hydrogels with Low Friction as Candidates for Artificial Cartilage 307
Wear Properties of Robust DN Gels 309
Biocompatibility of Robust DN Hydrogels 309
Evaluation of Robust Gels 309
Summary 311
References 312
Hydrogels Contact Lenses 313
Introduction 313
Contact Lens Terminology 316
Materials Used for Hydrogels Contact Lenses 317
HEMA 317
Other Glycol Methacrylates 317
Dihydroxy Methacrylates 318
Methacrylic Acid 318
Acrylamides 319
1-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone 320
FDA Contact Classification 320
Selected Types of Hydrogels Contact Lens Materials 321
Silicone Hydrogels 322
Current Trends in Silicone-Hydrogels Lenses 323
Summary 323
References 324
Electroconductive Hydrogels 327
Introduction 327
Inherently Conductive Electroactive Polymers [28] 328
Hydrogels [37] 331
Electroconductive Hydrogels 333
Synthesis of Electroconductive Hydrogels 334
Summary 341
References 341
Self-assembled Nanogel Engineering 346
Introduction 346
Self-Assembled Polysaccharide Nanogels 346
Stimuli-Responsive Self-Assembled Nanogels 348
Thermoresponsive Nanogels 349
Dual Stimuli (Heat-Redox)-Responsive Nanogels 350
Photoresponsive Nanogels 351
Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharide Nanogels 352
Design and Function of Nanogel-Based Hydrogels Materials 353
Hybrid gels Crosslinked by Polymerizable Nanogels 353
Rapid Shrinking Hydrogels Using Nanogel Crosslinker 354
Biodegradable Nanogel-Crosslinked Hydrogels and Application in Regenerative Medicine 354
Summary 355
References 355
Engineered High Swelling Hydrogels 358
Introduction 358
Engineered Hydrogels 359
Purity of HSHs 365
Hydrogels Characterization 367
Hydrogels Stability 371
Engineered HSH Polymers 372
Summary 376
References 376
Superabsorbent Hydrogels 382
Introduction 382
Hydrogels Swelling 383
Mechanism of hydrogels Swelling 385
The Effect of Neutralization and Acidity on the Swelling Capacity of Polycarbonic Acids 387
Donnan’s Equilibrium and Potential in a hydrogels Solution System 387
Effect of Concentration Redistribution 391
Kinetics of Hydrogels Swelling 394
Summary 397
References 397
Name Index 399
Subject Index 429

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.9.2010
• Mitarbeit: Sonstige Mitarbeit: Nicholas A. Peppas
• Zusatzinfo: XX, 432 p. 206 illus., 115 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie ► Orthopädie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Medizintechnik
• Schlagworte: Biomedical Application • Biomedical Applications • Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels • Cartilage • Copolymer • hydrogels handbook • hydrogels properties • hydrogels tissue engineering • Nanogel • Polymer • Siliconharzmasse • tissue • Tissue engineering
• ISBN-10: 1-4419-5919-X / 144195919X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4419-5919-5 / 9781441959195