MRI from A to Z (eBook)

A Definitive Guide for Medical Professionals

Gary Liney (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2nd ed. 2011
IX, 385 Seiten
Springer London (Verlag)
978-1-84996-135-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This second edition of Gary Liney's MRI from A-Z, much expanded from the first edition, is both a reflection of and an apt companion for the dramatic growth of the field of MRI. The MRI-trainee to the most seasoned practitioner in MRI will find this A-Z of the field, with 1,300 entries and 100 illustrations, an indispensable reference tool. Providing the reader with concise, clear and eloquent definitions of MRI terminology, this book is both highly practical and a pleasure to read.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 7
A 8
AB systems 8
References 8
Absolute peak area quantification 8
References 9
Acoustic damping 9
Acoustic noise 9
References 10
Acoustic shielding 10
Acquisition time 10
Activation map 11
Active noise reduction 11
References 11
Active shielding 11
Active shimming 12
ADC 12
References 12
ADC map 13
Adenosine 13
Adenosine triphosphate 13
Adiabatic pulse 13
Agarose gel 14
References 15
AIF 15
Alanine 15
Aliasing 15
Alignment 16
Alpha 16
Analogue-to-digital converter 16
Angiogenesis 16
AngioMARK 17
Angular frequency 17
Anisotropy 17
Anterior 17
Antialiasing 17
Antiperistalsis 18
Apodization 18
Apparent diffusion coefficient 19
ARC 19
Area under the curve 19
Array 19
Arrhythmia rejection 20
Artifact 20
Arterial input function 20
Arterial spin labeling 20
Artificial neural networks 21
ASL 21
ASPIRE 21
ASSET 21
Association fibers 22
AST 22
Asymmetric echo 22
Asymmetric sampling 22
ATP 22
Attack 22
AUC 23
Auto shim 23
Averaging 23
AVM 23
AX systems 24
Axial 24
B 25
b-Factor 25
B0 26
B0 correction 26
B0 inhomogeneity 26
B1 26
B1 inhomogeneity 27
B1 doming 27
B1 profile 27
Balanced echo 28
Banding artifacts 28
Bandwidth 28
Bandwidth per pixel 28
Baseline 28
Baseline correction 29
BASG 29
BEAT 29
bFFE 29
Bind 30
Binomial pulse 30
Bioeffects 30
Biot-Savart law 31
References 32
Bipolar 32
BI-RADS 32
Birdcage 33
References 33
Bit 33
Black blood 33
BLADE 33
Bland-Altman plot 34
Blipped EPI 34
BLISS 34
Bloch equations 34
References 35
Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound equation 35
Blood pool agent 36
References 36
Blood suppressed preparation 37
Blooming ball artifact 37
References 37
Blurring 37
Body coil 37
BodySURF 38
Body vision 38
Boil-off 38
BOLD 38
References 39
Boltzmann constant 39
Boltzmann distribution 39
Bolus 40
Bolus timing 40
BolusTrak 40
Bolus tracking 40
Bone imaging 41
Bonferroni correction 41
References 42
Bore 42
Bore liner 43
Bounce-point artifact 43
Bound protons 43
Box car 43
BPH 44
BPP equation 44
BRACE 44
Brachytherapy 44
BRAVO 45
BREASE 45
Breast coil 45
Breast imaging 45
Breath hold 45
Bright blood 46
Bright fat 46
Broca’s area 46
Brodmann areas 46
Bruker 46
BSP 47
“Burnt-in” pixels 47
Burst imaging 47
References 48
Buscopan 48
Byte 48
C 49
Cable loss 49
Cadstream 49
CAL 49
Carbogen 49
Carbon 49
Cardiac MRI 50
Cardiac gating 50
CARE bolus 51
Carr-Purcell 51
References 51
Cartesian 51
Cartigram 51
CASL 51
CC 52
CD 52
CENTRA 52
References 52
Central k-space 52
Central point artifact 53
Center frequency 53
Centric k-space filling 53
Cerebral blood flow (volume) 53
References 54
Cerebrospinal fluid 54
CHARM 54
Chemical shift 54
Chemical shift artifact 55
Chemical shift imaging 55
Chemical shift (“of the second kind”) 56
CHESS 57
Chess (or checker) board 57
Chiller 57
Choline 58
Chunk 59
CIA 59
Cine 59
Circularity 59
Circularly polarized 60
CISS 60
Citrate 60
References 60
Claustrophobia 61
CLEAR 61
Cliavist 61
Closed scanner 61
CNR 61
Coil 61
Coil uniformity correction 62
References 62
Cold head 62
Colored orientation map 63
Combidex 64
Commissural fibers 64
Complexity 64
Composite pulses 64
Conjugate symmetry 64
Constant EPI 65
Contiguous 65
Continuous wave NMR 65
Contraindications 65
Contrast 65
Contrast agents 66
Contrast enhanced 66
Contrast-enhanced MRA 67
References 68
Contrast phantom 68
Contrast-to-noise ratio 69
Contrast factor 69
Control room 69
Controlled mode 69
Convexity 69
Copper 70
Copper sulfate 70
Coronal 70
Corduroy artifact 70
Correlation coefficient 70
Correlation time 71
COSMIC 72
COSY 72
References 72
Cortical flattening 72
Cortical inflation 73
CPMG 73
References 74
Craniocaudal 74
Creatine 74
Critical temperature 74
Cross-excitation 74
Cross peak 75
Cross talk 75
Crusher gradients 75
Cryogens 75
Cryogen free 75
Cryoshielding 76
Cryostat 76
Cryotherapy 76
C-SCAN 76
CSF 76
CSI 77
CSPAMM 77
CT 77
CTL coil 77
CUBE 77
D 78
DAC 78
Daily QA 78
DANTE 78
DAT 78
Data clipping 78
Daum needles 79
db/dt 79
DCE 79
DCIS 79
DDA 79
Dead time 79
Decay 80
Decimation 80
DEFAISE 80
Deflection angle test 80
DEFT 80
Delayed contrast enhancement 81
Delay time 81
Delta 81
Demodulation 81
Dephasing 81
Dephasing lobe 82
DESS 82
Deuterium 82
Dewar 82
DEXA 83
Dextran 83
Diamagnetic 83
DICOM 83
Dielectric constant 84
Dielectric effect 84
References 85
Dielectric pad 85
DIET 86
Diffusion 86
Diffusion ellipsoid 86
Diffusion tensor 86
Diffusion tensor spectroscopy 87
Diffusion time 87
Diffusion-weighted imaging 87
Dimeglumine gadopentatate 87
Dipole 87
Dipole–dipole interactions 87
Dirac’s constant 88
Direction map 88
Discarded data 88
Dispersion 88
Distance factor 89
Distortion 89
Distortion correction 89
References 89
Dixon 89
DIXW (DIXF) 90
DNP 90
Dobutamine 90
Doping 90
Dotarem 91
Double balanced mixer 91
Double donut 91
Double inversion recovery 91
Double oblique 91
Double-tuned 91
Doublet 92
Draining vein 92
References 92
DRESS 92
DRIVE 92
Driven equilibrium 92
DSA 93
DSC 93
DSI 93
DSV 93
DTI 94
References 94
Dual echo 95
Dual slice 95
Dual tune 95
DUFIS 95
Dummy 95
Duty cycle 96
DVT imaging 96
Dwell time 96
DWI 96
References 96
DWIBS 97
Dynamic 97
Dynamic contrast enhancement 97
Dynamic nuclear polarization 99
Dynamic susceptibility contrast 100
E 101
eADC 101
Earth’s magnetic field 101
Earth’s field MRI 101
ECG 101
ECG gating 102
Echo modulation 102
Echo planar imaging 102
Echo spacing 102
Echo time 102
Echo train 103
Echo train length 103
ED 103
Eddy currents 103
Edge enhancement 103
EDR 104
EEG 104
Effective TE 104
Efficiency 104
Eigenvalues 105
Einthoven’s triangle 105
Ejection fraction 105
Elastogram 105
Elastography 105
Electron 106
Electron shielding 106
Electron spin resonance 106
Elliptic centric k-space filling 106
Elongatedness 106
Endogenous contrast 107
Endorectal coil 107
Endorem 108
Enhancement 108
Enhancement rate 108
Enteral agents 108
Entry-slice phenomenon 108
EPI 109
References 109
EPISTAR 109
EPI factor 110
EPIC 110
EPR 110
Ernst angle 111
ETL 111
Eurospin test objects 111
References 112
Even echo rephasing 112
Event related 112
Excitation pulse 112
Exogenous contrast 113
Exponential 113
Exponential ADC 113
Exposure limits 113
EXPRESS 113
Extended dynamic range 114
External interference shield 114
Extracellular agents 114
F 115
FA 115
FACT 115
FADE 115
FAIR 115
FAISE 115
Fall time 116
FAME 116
Faraday cage 116
Faraday’s law 116
FASE 117
FAST 117
FASTCARD 117
Fast Fourier transform 117
References 117
Fast gradient echo 118
Fast IR 118
Fast recovery FSE 118
Fast spin echo 118
Fat 118
Fat fraction 118
Fat only image 119
Fat saturation 120
Fat suppression 120
Fat-water in-phase 120
FATE 121
FatSep 122
FBI 122
FC 122
FE 122
FEDIF 122
Feet first entry 122
Fermi filter 123
Ferridex 123
Ferrogaurd 123
Ferromagnetic 123
Ferucarbotran 123
Ferumoxtran 124
FESUM 124
FFT 124
FFT scale 124
FGRET 124
Fiber tracking 124
FID 125
FID artifact 125
Field decay 125
Field-of-view 125
Field stability 126
FIESTA 126
Filling factor 126
Filter 126
Filtered back projection 127
Finger tapping 127
FIR 127
First pass 127
FISP 128
Five gauss line 128
FLAG 128
FLAIR 128
FLARE 128
FLASE 128
FLASH 129
Flashing artifact 129
Flip angle 129
Floodfill phantom 129
Flow artifacts 130
Flow compensation 130
Flow phenomena 130
Flow-related enhancement 130
Flow void 131
Fluorine 131
Fluoroptic thermometer 131
Fluorotrigger 131
FLUTE 131
Flux 132
fMRI 132
References 132
Foldover 132
Foldover suppression 132
Fonar 133
Footprint 133
Foreign bodies 134
Fourier transformation 134
Fractional anisotropy 134
Fractional echo 135
Fractional NEX 135
Frame of reference 135
Free induction decay 136
Free protons 136
Freeze frame 137
Frequency 137
Frequency encoding 137
Frequency wrap 137
Fresh spins 137
FRFSE 138
Fringe field 138
FSE 139
References 140
FSPGR 140
FT 141
Functional MRI 141
Functool 141
Fusion 141
FUTE 141
FWHM 142
G 143
G/cm 143
GABA 143
Godobenate dimeglumine 143
Gadobutrol 143
Gadodiamide 144
Gadofosveset trisodium 144
Gadolite 144
Gadolinium 144
Gadomer-17 144
Gadoteridol 144
Gadoversetamide 144
Gadovist 145
Gamma 145
GastroMARK 145
Gating 145
Gauss 145
Gaussian 146
Gd-BOPTA 146
Gd-DTPA 146
References 147
Gd-DOTA 147
GE (HealthCare) 147
Gel dosimetry 147
Gel phantoms 147
Gelatin 148
GEM 148
Geometric distortion 148
References 149
Ghosting 149
Gibb’s artifact 151
Gibb’s overshoot 151
GKM 152
Glx 152
Glutamate, glutamine 152
Goggles 152
Golay coils 153
Gradient 154
References 154
Gradient area 154
Gradient coil 154
Gradient echo 154
Gradient moment nulling 155
Graphic prescription 155
GRAPPA 155
References 156
GRASE 157
GRASS 157
GRACE 157
Grayscale 157
Gyromagnetic ratio 157
Gz (Gx, Gy) 158
H 159
h 159
Hemodynamic lag 159
Hemodynamic response function 159
Hahn echo 160
References 160
Half echo 160
Half scan 160
Halo artifact 160
Hanning filter 160
HARP 161
HASTE 162
Head coil 162
Head first entry 163
Header 163
Heat exchanger 163
Helium 163
Helmholtz pair 164
Hepatobiliary agents 164
Hermitian symmetry 164
Herringbone artifact 164
Hertz 164
Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy 165
HIFUS 165
High field 165
High order phase 166
High pass filtering 166
High velocity signal loss 167
Higher order shimming 167
Hitachi (Medical Systems) 167
HOAST 167
Homogeneity 167
Horizontal bore 168
HRF 168
Hybrid systems 168
Hydrogen 168
Hyperechoes 169
References 169
Hyperintense 169
Hyperpolarization 169
Hyperpolarized gas imaging 169
References 170
Hypointense 170
Hypoxia 170
I 171
I 171
IAM 171
IAPS 171
ICD 171
IDEAL 171
References 172
Image registration 172
Imaginary 172
Imaging, 2D 172
Imaging, 3D 173
Impedance matching 173
Implants 173
iMRI 173
Infarct penumbra 174
Inferior 174
In-flow enhancement 174
Infusion pump 175
InHance 175
Inorganic phosphate 175
In-phase image 175
Integrated body coil 175
Intensity correction 175
Interleaved 176
Interpolation 176
Interventional device 176
References 177
Inverse lateralization 177
Inversion pulse 177
Inversion recovery 177
Inversion time 178
Inverse image 178
IPA 178
iPAT 178
IR 179
IRM 179
Ischemia 179
ISIS 179
Isocenter 179
Isochromat 180
Isointense 180
Isotope 180
Isotropic 180
J 181
J-coupling 181
J-modulation 181
JET 181
Joule 181
K 182
Kaplan–Meier plot 182
References 182
Key-hole imaging 182
References 182
Kinematic imaging 182
k-Space 183
References 183
k-Space ordering 183
k-Space path 184
k-Space shutter 184
k-Space trajectory 184
k-t BLAST 185
References 185
KTRANS 185
References 185
L 186
Laboratory frame 186
Lactate 186
Large field-of-view filter 186
Larmor equation 186
Larmor frequency 187
Landmark 187
Laser 187
Laser ablation 187
LAVA 188
Leksell-frame 188
Lenz’s law 188
Level 188
LC model 188
References 189
Liquid helium 189
Linac 189
Line broadening 189
Linearity 189
Linear regression 189
Linearly polarized 190
Linewidth 190
Linguine sign 190
Lipid 190
References 190
Liposomes 191
Liver-specific contrast agents 191
Loading 192
Localizer 192
Logistic regression 192
Long bore 192
Long tau inversion recovery 193
Longitudinal magnetization 193
Longitudinal plane 193
Look-Locker 193
References 193
Lorentz force 193
Lorentzian shape 194
Low field 194
Low gamma (g) imaging 194
Low order phase 194
Low pass filtering 195
Lumirem 195
Lung MRI 195
References 195
M 196
Magic angle effect 196
Magic angle spinning 196
Magnet stability 196
Magnetic moment 196
Magnetic susceptibility 196
Magnetization 197
Magnetization transfer 197
Magnetization transfer ratio 197
Magnetization vector 197
Magnetite 197
Magnetogyric ratio 198
Magnetohemodynamic effect 198
Magnetophosphenes 198
References 198
Magnevist 198
Mangafodipir trisodium 198
Manganese 199
Manual shim 199
MAS 199
MAST 199
Matched bandwidth 199
Matrix 200
Maximum intensity projection 200
Maxwell pair 200
MDE 200
Mean diffusivity 200
MEDAL 201
MEDIC 201
MEG 201
MEMP 201
MERGE 201
MESS 202
Metabolite map 202
References 202
Metallic taste 202
Microscopy 202
Minimum intensity projection 203
MIP 204
MITR 204
Mixing time 204
MNS 204
MobiTrak 204
MOD 205
Moire fringes 205
Molecular imaging 205
Molecular tumbling rate 206
Moment 206
Morphological descriptors 206
References 206
Moses effect 207
MOTSA 207
Motion artifact 208
Motion correction 208
Moving saturation pulse 208
Moving table 208
MPR 208
MP-RAGE 208
MR compatible 209
References 209
MR cisternography 209
MR dosimetry 209
References 210
MR echo 210
MR-GILD 210
MR guided 211
MR mammography 211
References 211
MR myleography 212
MR simulator 212
MR thermometry 212
References 212
MR thermotherapy 212
MR oximetry 213
MR visible 213
MRA 213
MRE 213
MRCP 214
MRS 214
References 215
MRSI 215
MS-325 215
MSE 216
MSK imaging 216
mSENSE 216
mT/m 216
MT 217
MTF 217
References 217
MTT 217
MU 217
Multi-echo 217
Multi-nuclear spectroscopy 218
Multi-planar 218
Multi-slab 218
Multi-slice 218
Multi-voxel 218
MultiHance 219
Multi-channel 219
Multiple spin-echo 219
Multi-phase 219
Multi-shot 219
MULTIVANE 220
Musculoskeletal imaging 220
Mx, My, Mz 221
Myocardial tagging 221
Myo-inositol 221
N 222
NAA 222
NAAG 222
Nanoparticles 222
NATIVE 223
NAV 223
Navigator echo 223
NbTi 223
Needle artifacts 224
References 224
NEMA 224
Net magnetization 224
Neutron 225
NEX 225
Nickel 225
Niobium-titanium 225
Nitrogen 225
NMR 226
NOE 227
NOESY 227
No phase wrap 227
Noise 227
Normal mode 228
Normalization filter 228
NP 228
NSA 228
Nu 228
Nuclear overhauser effect 228
Nucleon 229
Null point 229
Nutation 229
Nyquist frequency 229
Nyquist ghosting 230
O 231
Occupational exposure 231
Oblique 231
OD 231
Off-center FOV 231
Off-resonance 232
Omega 232
Omniscan 232
OOPS 232
Open scanner 232
Optical pumping 233
Optical RF 233
OptiMARK 233
Optimized bandwidth 234
Oral contrast agent 234
Orbit X-ray 234
Orientation 235
Out-of-phase image 235
Outer k-space 235
Outer volume fat suppression 236
Overlay 236
Over-ranging 236
Oversampling 236
Oxford instruments 237
Oxygen 237
P 238
PACE 238
Pacemakers 238
PACS 238
Palatal stimulation 239
Paradigm 239
Paradoxical enhancement 239
Parahydrogen 239
Parahydrogen-induced polarization 239
References 240
Parallel imaging 240
References 241
Paramagnetic 241
Parameter map 241
Partial echo 241
Partial flip 242
Partial Fourier 242
Partial k-space 242
Partial NEX 243
Partial saturation 243
Partial volume 243
Parts per million 243
PASADENA 243
PASL 244
Passive shielding 244
Passive shimming 244
Patient right 244
Patient table 244
Patient weight 245
PBSG 245
PC 245
PD 245
Peak amplitude 245
Peak area 245
Peak area ratios 246
PEAR 246
Perflurocarbon 246
Perfusion 246
Perfusion imaging 247
References 247
Peripheral enhancement 247
Peripheral MRA 247
Peripheral nerve stimulation 248
References 249
Peripheral pulse gating 249
Peristaltic motion 249
Permanent magnet 250
Permeability 250
Permittivity 250
PERRM 250
Perspex 251
PET 251
PFI 251
PGSE 251
pH measurement 251
Phantom 252
References 253
Pharmacokinetic modeling 253
References 254
Phase 254
Phase correction 254
Phase contrast 254
Phase encoding 254
Phase sensitive demodulator 255
Phase (I, II, III…) trials 256
Phase wrap 256
Phased array 257
Phi 257
Philips 257
PHIP 257
Phosphocreatine 257
Phosphodiesters 257
Phosphorus 257
Photoplethysmograph 258
PI 259
Pianissimo 259
Picker 259
PILS 259
Pillar 259
Pixel 259
Planck’s constant 260
pMRI 260
PNR 260
PNS 260
Point spread function 260
POMP 261
Positional MRI 261
Positive enhancement integral 261
Posterior 261
ppm 261
PQRST wave 262
Preamp 262
Pre-emphasis 262
Precession 263
Precessional frequency 263
Pregnancy 263
Prepared 263
Pre-scan 263
PRESS 264
References 265
PRESTO 265
References 265
Primary image 265
Primovist 265
PROBE 266
Profile phantom 266
ProHance 266
Projectile 266
Projection fibers 268
Projection reconstruction 268
Prone position 268
PROPELLER 268
PROSE 269
PROSET 269
Proton 270
Proton decoupling 270
Proton density 270
Proton density weighted 270
References 271
Proximity limits 271
References 271
Pseudogating 271
Pseudolayering 272
References 272
PSF 272
PSIF 272
Pu 272
Pulse 272
Pulse Controller 273
Pulsed gradient spin echo 273
Pulse programming 273
Pulse sequence 273
Pulse sequence diagram 273
Pulse train 274
PURE 274
P-value 274
References 274
Q 275
Q 275
Quadrature 275
Quality factor 275
Quality assurance 276
References 276
Quadscan 277
Quadrupole-electric interactions 277
Quantum number 277
Quench 277
QUEST 278
Quiet 278
QUICK 3D 278
QUIPSS 278
R 279
R 279
R1 279
R2 279
R2* 279
RA 280
RADAR 280
Radial k-space 280
Radiotherapy 281
Radiotherapy planning 281
References 281
RACE 282
RADIANCE 282
Radians 282
RAM-FAST 283
Ramp up/down 283
Ramp sampling 283
Ramped RF pulses 283
RAPID 283
RARE 284
References 284
Raw data 284
Raysum 284
RC 284
Readout gradient 284
Real 285
Real time fMRI 285
Receiver 285
Reconstruction 285
Rectangular FOV 286
Reduced flip angle 286
Refocusing pulse 286
Reformat 286
Registration 288
Region-of-interest 288
Relative anisotropy 288
Relaxation 288
Relaxivity 290
Relief artifact 290
Repetition time 290
RES agents 290
Research mode 291
Residual water 291
Resistive magnet 291
Resolution phantom 291
Resonant frequency 292
Resonant offset artifacts 292
Resovist 293
Respiratory compensation 293
Respiratory gating 293
REST 293
RESTORE 293
Restricted diffusion 294
References 294
Reticuloendothelial system agents 294
REVEAL 294
Rewinding gradients 294
Reynolds number 294
RF 295
RF antenna 295
RF artifact 295
RF burns 295
References 296
RF cage 296
RF coil 296
RF effects 297
RF heating 298
References 298
RF penetration 298
RF power 298
RF pulse 299
RF shielding 299
RF shimming 299
RF spoiling 300
RFA 300
RFOV 300
RG 300
Rho 300
Rim enhancement 300
Ringing 300
RISE 301
Rise time 301
ROAST 301
ROC curve 301
RODEO 301
ROI 302
References 302
Rolling baseline 302
ROPE 302
Rotating frame 302
RR interval 303
S 304
Saddle coil 304
Safety limits 304
References 305
SAGE 305
Sagittal 305
Saline 306
Sampling rate 307
SAR 307
SARGE 307
Saturation bands 307
Saturation pulses 308
Saturation recovery 308
Saturated spins 308
Scalar coupling 308
Scan assistant 308
Scan percentage 309
Scan room 309
Scan time 309
Scanning, 4D 309
Scanogram 309
SCIC 309
Scout images 309
Screening 310
Screening constant 310
Screening form 310
Screenshot 310
SDNR 311
SE 311
Secondary image 311
Seed point 311
Segmentation 311
Segmented k-space 311
SENSE 312
References 312
Sensitive volume 312
Sequential 312
Sequential k-space filling 313
SG 313
Shaded surface display 313
Shielding 313
Shielding constant 313
Shim 314
Shimadzu 314
Shine through 314
Shinnar-Le-Roux 314
SHORT 315
Short bore 315
Short tau inversion recovery 316
Shot factor 317
Siemens (Healthcare) 317
Signal 318
Signal averaging 318
Signal difference to noise ratio 318
Signal-time curve 318
Signal-to-noise ratio 318
Silent word generation 318
Silicon 319
Silicon specific 319
Simultaneous excitation 319
Sinc shaped 319
Sinerem 320
Single dose 320
Single-shot 320
Single voxel 320
SINOP 321
Skin depth 321
Slab 321
Slew rate 321
Slice 322
Slice gap 322
Slice profile 322
Slice selection 322
Slice thickness 323
Slice warp 323
Slice width 324
SLIP 324
SLR 324
SMART 324
SMART Prep 324
SMASH 324
References 325
SNR 325
References 326
Sodium 326
References 327
Sodium chloride 327
Soft tissue 327
Solenoid 327
Source data 328
SPACE 328
SPAIR 328
SPAMM 328
Spatial domain 328
Spatial resolution 329
SPECIAL 329
Specific absorption rate 329
Spectral editing 329
Spectral resolution 329
Spectral-spatial pulse 330
Spectroscopy 330
Spectroscopic imaging 330
Spectrometer 330
Spectrum 330
SPEEDER 330
SPGR 331
SPIDER 331
Spin 331
Spin angular momentum 331
Spin density 331
Spin echo 331
Spin-lattice relaxation 332
Spin-spin coupling 333
Spin-spin relaxation 333
Spin quantum number 333
Spin states 333
Spin tagging 333
Spin up/spin down 333
Spinor 335
SPIO 335
SPIR 335
Spiral EPI 335
Spline 335
Splitting constant 336
Spoiling 336
Spurious peaks 336
SQ 336
SS 336
SSD 337
SSFP 337
SSP 337
SSRF 337
Stability 337
References 338
STAGE 338
STAIR 338
References 338
Staircase artifact 338
Standing wave artifact 339
Static field limits 339
Station 339
Statistical errors 339
References 339
Steady state 340
Steady-state sequence 340
Steal effect 340
STEAM 340
References 341
Stejskal–Tanner 341
References 341
Stepping table 341
Stereotactic 342
STERF 342
Stimulated echo 342
STIR 342
Storage time 343
Stray field 343
Streak artifact 343
Stress-perfusion agent 343
Stroke 343
Superconducting magnet 343
Superior 344
Supine position 344
Surface coil 344
Surface rendering 344
Surgical planning 345
References 345
Survey scan 345
Susceptibility 345
Susceptibility artifact 346
Susceptibility weighted imaging 346
SVS 347
SWAN 347
Sweep width 347
SWI 348
Syrinx 348
T 349
T1 349
T1-r 350
References 350
T1-weighted 350
T2 350
References 351
T2* 351
T2 map 352
References 352
T2 shine-through 352
T2-weighted 353
T2*-weighted 353
Tailored RF pulse 355
Talairach space 355
References 355
Tattoo 355
Tau 355
Tdel 355
TE 356
TE averaging 356
TEA-PRESS 356
Teleradiology 356
Temporal resolution 356
Tensor 357
Tesla 357
Teslascan 357
Test bolus 357
Test object 357
Tetramethylsilane 358
Textural analysis 358
References 358
TG 358
Threshold 358
THRIVE 359
TI 359
Time domain signal 359
Time-of-flight 359
Time-resolved MRA 359
Tip angle 360
TIM 360
TIMCT 360
TIRM 360
Titanium 360
TM 361
TMS 361
TNM staging 361
TOF 361
References 361
TONE 361
Toshiba (Medical Systems) 362
TR 362
Trace 363
TRAK, 4D 363
Tractography 363
References 363
Transaxial 364
TRANCE 364
Transceiver 364
Transcranial magnetic stimulation 364
References 364
Transit time 364
Transmitter 365
Transmitter reference voltage 365
Transparency 365
Transverse 365
Transverse magnetization 365
Transverse plane 365
Trapezoid 366
TRAPS 366
TRAQ 366
Travel SAT 366
TRICKS 366
Triggering 367
Trigger window 367
TRSG 367
True FISP 367
Truncation artifact 367
TSE 368
t-Test 368
Tumor 368
Tunnel 368
Turbo dark fluid 368
Turbo factor 369
Turbo FLASH 369
Twin gradients 369
TWIST 369
Two (three)-compartment model 369
References 369
Two-dimensional spectroscopy 370
Type I, II, III 370
U 371
Ultra-fast imaging 371
Ultra-short TE 371
Uniformity 371
URGE 372
USPIO 372
UTE 372
V 373
Vacuum bore 373
Variable bandwidth 373
Variable flip angle 373
VASC 373
Vasovist 374
Vectorcardiogram 374
Velocity encoding 374
VEMP 375
VenBOLD 375
VENC 375
Vent 375
Venetian blind artifact 375
Venography 376
Ventilation agent 376
Ventilation imaging 376
VERSE 376
Vertical bore 376
Vertigo 376
VFL 377
Viability imaging 377
VIBE 377
VIBRANT 377
VIE 378
VIEWS 378
VIPR 378
Virchow-Robin spaces 378
Virtual endoscopy 378
VISTA 378
Visual Prep 379
VINNIE 379
VOI 379
Voxel 379
Voxel bleeding 379
Voxel shifting 380
V/Q 380
VSS 380
W 381
Wada test 381
Walking SAT 381
Warning sign 381
Wash in (out) 381
Water 381
Water-fat shift 382
Water fraction 382
Water-only image 382
Water reference 382
Water suppression 382
WATS 383
Watt 383
Wavelength 384
Wave guides 384
Wave function 384
WEFT 384
Weighting 385
Weinmann data 385
References 385
Wernicke’s area 385
Whisper sequence 385
White blood 386
White matter fibers 386
Whole-body 386
Whole-body screening 386
Wide bore 387
Width 388
Windowing 388
X 389
Xenon 389
References 389
x-direction 389
Y 390
y-direction 390
Z 391
Z2 or Z4 391
z-direction 391
Z-score 391
Zebra artifact 391
Zeeman levels 391
Zero filling 392
Zeugmatography 392
ZIP 392
Zipper artifact 392
Zoom gradients 392
Zoom imaging 392

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.8.2010
• Zusatzinfo: IX, 385 p. 100 illus., 21 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: London
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Onkologie
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren ► Radiologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Anamnese / Körperliche Untersuchung
• Schlagworte: MRI
• ISBN-10: 1-84996-135-2 / 1849961352
• ISBN-13: 978-1-84996-135-6 / 9781849961356