Cardiovascular Endocrinology: (eBook)

Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads

Vivian Fonseca (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 2009
XI, 261 Seiten
Humana Press (Verlag)
978-1-59745-141-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Over the past few decades, cardiovascular disease and diabetes have emerged as major public health problems, both as distinct clinical entities and as comorbid conditions. As a result, the fields of vascular biology and endocrinology are working more closely now than ever before. With chapters by renowned experts, Cardiovascular Endocrinology: Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads emphasizes the considerable physiological interrelationships and clinical correlations between the specialties of cardiovascular medicine and endocrinology.

Offering a wealth of information, Cardiovascular Endocrinology: Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads provides a range of insights, including a novel view of the hormonal regulation of the vascular system and the disruption of the nitric oxide signaling system. It also addresses the role of fatty acids and cytokines in the development of this problem. Importantly, this unique title also provides a state-of-the-art update on the importance of other hormones such as thyroid hormone and steroids, as well as the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and controversies surrounding the use of hormone replacement therapy.

In all, Cardiovascular Endocrinology: Shared Pathways and Clinical Crossroads is a first-of-its-kind title that discusses and summarizes important clinical topics in cardiology and endocrinology. It offers clinicians and researchers an important resource for navigating the increasingly interrelated pathways of cardiovascular and endocrinologic disorders. The authors discuss a range of important issues from epidemiology to bench research to translation of this research to clinical practice.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Color Plates 12
Hormonal Regulation of the Vascular System: An Overview 13
INTRODUCTION 13
ESTROGEN 18
PROGESTERONE 19
ANDROGENS 19
CONCLUSION 21
REFERENCES 21
I DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 29
Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes 31
PREVALENCE OF DIABETES 32
IMPACT OF DIABETES ON HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE COSTS 32
DIABETES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE 33
OUTCOME AMONG DIABETES PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE 34
DIABETES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEART FAILURE 34
OUTCOMES AMONG DIABETES PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE 34
SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL 34
SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – LIPID CONTROL 37
SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – GLYCEMIC CONTROL 40
SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES – SMOKING CESSATION 41
SUMMARY 42
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 42
REFERENCES 42
Disruption of the Nitric Oxide Signaling System in Diabetes 47
INTRODUCTION 48
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM 49
NO SYNTHASE/SOLUBLE GUANYLATE CYCLASE/CYCLIC GMP- DEPENDENT PATHWAY 49
ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION 50
INFLUENCES OF DIABETES ON THE VASCULAR WALL 50
NITROSATIVE STRESS STATE 56
MITOCHONDRIA 57
CONCLUSION 60
REFERENCES 61
Free Fatty Acids, A Major Link Between Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease 73
INTRODUCTION 74
FFA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE 75
MECHANISM FOR FFA-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE 76
FFA AND INFLAMMATION 77
BLOOD COAGULATION/FIBRINOLYSIS 78
FFA AND LIPOPROTEINS 79
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 80
REFERENCES 80
The Anti-Inflammatory and Antiatherogenic Effects of Insulin 83
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF INSULIN 84
ANTIATHEROGENIC EFFECT OF INSULIN 86
PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE AND OTHER MACRONUTRIENTS 86
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 87
REFERENCES 89
Insulin Sensitizers and Cardiovascular Disease 93
INTRODUCTION 94
EFFECTS OF INSULIN SENSITIZERS ON LIPID METABOLISM 95
INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND HYPERTENSION 95
ROLE OF INSULIN SENSITIZERS IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND VASCULAR REACTIVITY 96
INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND VASCULAR WALL ABNORMALITIES 98
INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND FIBRINOLYSIS AND COAGULATION 98
INSULIN SENSITIZERS AND ALBUMINURIA 99
EFFECT OF INSULIN SENSITIZERS ON CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES 99
OUTCOME STUDIES FOR PREVENTION OF MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN TYPE 2 DM 100
ONGOING STUDIES 102
CONCLUSION 103
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 103
REFERENCES 103
Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 109
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS 110
STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 110
NUCLEAR STRESS MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING 114
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCREENING 120
CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS 124
CONCLUSIONS 125
REFERENCES 126
II ENDOCRINE HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS 131
Renin-Angiotensin System 133
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM 134
THE CIRCULATING AND TISSUE RAS 135
RENIN 135
ANGIOTENSINOGEN 136
ENZYMES IN THE RAS 137
ANGIOTENSIN PEPTIDES: THEIR ACTION, FORMATION, AND DEGRADATION ( FIG. 1) 141
ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS 142
TISSUE RAS 144
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT RAS 150
ROLE OF RAS IN HTN AND CVD 151
DRUGS AFFECTING THE RAS 152
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 154
REFERENCES 154
Microalbuminuria and Chronic Kidney Disease as Cardiovascular Risk Factors 161
INTRODUCTION 162
DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT OF MA AND CKD 162
PREVALENCE AND NATURAL COURSE OF MA AND CKD 164
PATHOGENESIS OF MA 166
MA AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 167
CKD AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR 171
CONCLUSION 174
REFERENCES 174
III OBESITY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 181
Adiponectin and Cardiovascular Disease 183
ADIPONECTIN: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 184
ADIPONECTIN AND CVD 185
HYPOADIPONECTINEMIA: TREATMENT STRATEGIES 190
REFERENCES 191
IV SEX HORMONES AND VASCULAR DISEASE 197
Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease 199
DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 200
PHYSIOLOGY 201
TESTOSTERONE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND AGING 203
CYTOKINES, TESTOSTERONE, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS 204
TESTOSTERONE AND STROKE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION RISK 204
WOMEN, TESTOSTERONE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 207
MEN, ESTROGEN, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 207
REPLACEMENT THERAPY 208
CONCLUSION 208
REFERENCES 208
Sexual Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk – Links and Solutions 211
INTRODUCTION 212
NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF ERECTION 212
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ED 213
ED AS A RISK MARKER OF CVD 219
EVALUATION OF ED 221
EFFICACY OF TREATMENT FOR ED 221
CONCLUSION 224
REFERENCES 225
V OF INTEREST 229
Natriuretic Peptides and Cardiovascular Regulation 231
INTRODUCTION 232
PROPERTIES OF NPS 232
NPS SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION 233
NPS RECEPTORS 234
INTERNALIZATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF NPRS 236
NPS AND RENAL FUNCTIONS 237
NPS AND VASCULAR FUNCTION 238
ANTIMITOGENIC EFFECTS OF NPS 239
NPS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 239
NPS AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 241
CONCLUSIONS 241
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 242
REFERENCES 242
Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease 251
INTRODUCTION 251
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 252
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS 253
CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 256
Index 259

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.9.2008
• Reihe/Serie: Contemporary Endocrinology
• Reihe/Serie: Contemporary Endocrinology
• Zusatzinfo: XI, 257 p.
• Verlagsort: Totowa
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Endokrinologie
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Kardiologie / Angiologie
• Schlagworte: Cardiovascular • cardiovascular regulation • Diabetes • Diabetes mellitus • endocrinology • Glucose Intolerance • Growth factor • Hypertension • Insulin • insulin-like • Metabolic Syndrome • Sexual Dysfunction • signaling system • Steroids • Testosterone
• ISBN-10: 1-59745-141-X / 159745141X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-59745-141-3 / 9781597451413