Head and Neck Cancer Imaging (eBook)

Robert Hermans (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2006 | 2006
XII, 364 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-33066-0 (ISBN)

Infos

This book provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art imaging in head and neck cancer. Precise determination of tumor extent is of the utmost importance in these neoplasms, as it has important consequences for staging of disease, prediction of outcome and choice of treatment. Only the radiologist can fully appreciate submucosal, perineural, and perivascular tumor spread and detect metastatic disease at an early stage. Imaging is also of considerable benefit for patient surveillance after treatment. All imaging modalities currently used in the management of head and neck neoplasms are considered in depth, and in addition newer techniques such as PET-CT and diffusion-weighted MRI are discussed. This book will help the reader to recommend, execute and report head and neck imaging studies at a high level of sophistication and thereby to become a respected member of the team managing head and neck cancer.

http://myprofile.cos.com/roberthermans

Inhalt

Foreword 6
Preface 7
Contents 8
1 Introduction: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathology, and Natural History of Head and Neck Neoplasms 10
1.1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 10
1.1.1 Epidemiology: Incidence 10
1.1.2 Risk Factors for the Development of Head and Neck Malignancies 11
1.2 Pathology and Natural History of Frequent Benign and Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasms 13
1.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasms of the Mucous Membranes 13
1.2.2 Glandular Neoplasms 16
2 Clinical and Endoscopic Examination of the Head and Neck 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Neck 25
2.3 Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 28
2.4 Nasopharynx 29
2.5 Oral Cavity 30
2.6 Oropharynx 31
2.7 Larynx 32
2.8 Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus 34
2.9 Salivary Glands 35
2.10 Thyroid Gland 36
2.11 Role of Imaging Studies 36
3 Imaging Techniques 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Plain Radiography 38
3.3 Ultrasonography 38
3.4 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 39
3.4.1 Computed Tomography 39
3.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 45
3.5 Nuclear Imaging In: Maroldi R, Nicolai P (eds) Imaging in treatment 49
4 Laryngeal Neoplasms 50
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Normal Laryngeal Anatomy 50
4.2.1 Laryngeal Skeleton 50
4.2.2 Mucosal Layer and Deeper Laryngeal Spaces 52
4.2.3 Normal Radiological Anatomy 52
4.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 53
4.3.1 General Imaging Findings 55
4.3.2 Neoplastic Extension Patterns of Laryngeal Cancer 56
4.4 Prognostic Factors for Local Outcome of Laryngeal Cancer 64
4.4.1 Treatment Options 64
4.4.2 Impact of Imaging on Treatment Choice and Prognostic Accuracy 65
4.4.3 Use of Imaging Parameters as Prognostic Factors for Local Outcome Independently from the TN Classification 66
4.5 Post-treatment Imaging in Laryngeal Cancer 70
4.5.1 Expected Findings After Treatment 70
4.5.2 Persistent or Recurrent Cancer 75
4.5.3 Treatment Complications 78
4.6 Non-squamous Cell Laryngeal Neoplasms 80
4.6.1 Minor Salivary Gland Neoplasms 80
4.6.2 Mesenchymal Malignancies 81
4.6.3 Hematopoietic Malignancies 82
5 Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Proximal Esophagus 88
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Anatomy 88
5.2.1 Descriptive Anatomy 88
5.2.2 Imaging Anatomy 89
5.3 Pathology 91
5.3.1 Non-squamous Cell Malignancies 91
5.3.2 Squamous Cell Malignancies 93
5.3.3 Secondary Involvement by Other Tumors 95
5.4 Cross-Sectional Imaging 97
5.5 Radiologist’s Role 99
5.5.1 Pre-treatment 99
5.5.2 During Treatment 101
5.5.3 Post Treatment 101
5.5.4 Detection of Second Primary 106
6 Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity 110
6.1 Anatomy 110
6.1.1 The Floor of the Mouth 110
6.1.2 The Tongue 110
6.1.3 The Lips and Gingivobuccal Regions 111
6.1.4 The Hard Palate and the Region of the Retromolar Trigone 112
6.1.5 Lymphatic Drainage 114
6.2 Preferred Imaging Modalities 114
6.3 Pathology 114
6.3.1 Benign Lesions 114
6.3.2 Squamous Cell Cancer 121
6.3.3 Other Malignant Tumors 129
6.3.4 Recurrent Cancer 130
7 Neoplasms of the Oropharynx 135
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Normal Anatomy 135
7.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 138
7.3.1 Tonsillar Cancer 138
7.3.2 Tongue Base Cancer 139
7.3.3 Soft Palate Cancer 141
7.3.4 Posterior Oropharyngeal Wall Cancer 142
7.3.5 Lymphatic Spread 143
7.4 Treatment 143
7.5 Post-treatment Imaging 144
7.6 Other Neoplastic Disease 145
7.6.1 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 145
7.6.2 Salivary Gland Tumors 146
7.6.3 Other 146
8 Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx 149
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Normal Anatomy 150
8.3 Pathologic Anatomy 151
8.3.1 Anterior Spread 151
8.3.2 Lateral Spread 151
8.3.3 Posterior Spread 155
8.3.4 Inferior Spread 155
8.3.5 Superior Spread 155
8.4 Metastasis 156
8.4.1 Nodal Metastasis 156
8.4.2 Distant Metastasis 156
8.5 TNM Staging System 157
8.5.1 T Staging 158
8.5.2 N Staging 159
8.6 Imaging Technique 159
8.7 Imaging Modalities 160
8.8 Imaging Strategies 161
8.8.1 Occult Malignancy 161
8.8.2 Staging 161
8.8.3 Follow-up Issues and Problems 161
8.9 Other Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx 165
9 Parapharyngeal Space Neoplasms 169
9.1 Introduction 169
9.2 Anatomy 169
9.2.1 Fascial Layers and Compartments 169
9.2.2 Radiological Anatomy 171
9.3 Imaging of Parapharyngeal Space Lesions 172
9.3.1 Primary Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space 172
9.3.2 Secondary Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space 176
10 Masticator Space Neoplasms 182
10.1 Masticator Space Anatomy 182
10.2 Introduction to Masticator Space Malignancies 182
10.3 Practical Issues for Masticator Space Imaging 183
10.4 Radiological Patterns of Neoplastic Masticator Space Involvement 184
10.4.1 Extrinsic Impingement on the MS by Benign Neoplasm 185
10.4.2 Extrinsic Infiltration of the MS by a Malignant Neoplasm 186
10.4.3 Intrinsic Benign Neoplasm of the MS 186
10.4.4 Intrinsic Malignancies of the MS 187
10.4.5 Pseudo-neoplastic Benign Hypertrophy of MS Muscles 188
10.5 Special Concerns 188
10.5.1 Synergy Between CT and MRI in Radiological Work-Up of MS Neoplasms 188
10.5.2 Imaging of the Tumoral Spread Along the V3 Cranial Nerve 191
10.5.3 Treatment and Post-treatment Issues 191
11 Neoplasms of the Sinonasal Cavities 196
11.1 Introduction 196
11.2 Normal Radiological Anatomy 197
11.3 Indications for Imaging Studies 197
11.4 Imaging Appearance and Extension Patterns of Sinonasal Neoplasms 199
11.4.1 Appearance of the Tumor Mass on CT and MRI 199
11.4.2 Extension Towards Neighbouring Structures 199
11.5 Tumor Types 203
11.6 Therapeutic Relevance of Imaging Findings 220
11.7 Imaging After Therapy 221
12 Parotid Gland and Other Salivary Gland Tumors 224
12.1 Introduction 224
12.2 Anatomy 224
12.3 Imaging Issues 225
12.4 Benign Parotid Tumors 226
12.4.1 Benign Mixed Tumor or Pleomorphic Adenoma 226
12.4.2 Warthin’s Tumor or Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum 227
12.4.3 Other Benign Tumors 233
12.4.4 Congenital Tumors 233
12.4.5 Cystic Tumors 234
12.5 Malignant Parotid Tumors 235
12.5.1 Histologic Classification 236
12.5.2 Imaging Findings 236
12.6 Difficult Cases 239
12.7 Pseudotumors of the Parotid Gland 240
12.7.1 Sjögren’s Syndrome 240
12.7.2 Sarcoidosis 241
12.8 Tumors of the Other Salivary Glands 241
12.8.1 Minor Salivary Glands Tumors 242
12.8.2 Submandibular Gland Tumors 243
12.8.3 Sublingual Gland Tumors 244
12.9 Conclusion 244
13 Malignant Lesions of the Central and Posterior Skull Base 247
13.1 Introduction 247
13.2 Anatomy 247
13.2.1 Central Skull Base 248
13.2.2 Posterior Skull Base 249
13.3 Clinical Presentation 251
13.4 Normal Anatomical Variations 251
13.5 Pathology 253
13.5.1 Malignant Lesions Causing Diffuse or Multi-focal Skull Base Involvement 253
13.5.2 Mimics of Malignant Lesions Causing Diffuse or Multi-focal Skull Base Involvement 253
13.5.3 Non-region Specific, Localized Malignant Skull Base Lesions 254
13.5.4 Mimics of Non-region Specific, Localized Malignant Skull Base Lesions 256
13.5.5 Malignant Central Skull Base Lesions 258
13.5.6 Malignant Lesion at the Junction of Central to Posterior Skull Base 261
13.5.7 Mimics of Malignant Central Skull Base Lesions 263
13.5.8 Malignant Posterior Skull Base Lesions 264
13.5.9 Mimics of Malignant Posterior Skull Base Lesions 267
13.6 Imaging Protocol 270
13.7 Radiologist’s Role 271
14 Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasms 274
14.1 Imaging Modalities 274
14.1.1 Plain X-Ray 274
14.1.2 Ultrasound 274
14.1.3 Computed Tomography 278
14.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 279
14.1.5 Nuclear Medicine 279
14.2 Thyroid Gland 284
14.2.1 Embryology 284
14.2.2 Anatomy 284
14.2.3 Physiology and Implications for Follow-Up 284
14.2.4 Pathology 285
14.3 Parathyroid Gland 290
14.3.1 Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology 290
14.3.2 Pathology 290
15 Neck Nodal Disease 295
15.1 Introduction 295
15.2 Neck Anatomy and Patterns of Metastasis 295
15.3 Benign Lymphadenopathy in the Neck 297
15.4 Metastatic Lymphadenopathy 297
15.4.1 Thyroid Carcinoma 298
15.4.2 Salivary Gland Carcinomas 298
15.4.3 Skin Neoplasms 298
15.4.4 Mucosal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 299
15.5 Imaging Techniques 300
15.5.1 CT and MR Imaging 300
15.5.2 Ultrasound 301
15.5.3 Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration Cytology 302
15.6 Clinical Impact of Diagnostic Evaluation 304
15.6.1 Clinically Negative (N0) Neck 304
15.6.2 Clinically Positive (N+) Neck 305
15.6.3 Recurrent Disease in the Neck 306
16 Neck Lymphoma 312
16.1 Introduction 312
16.1.1 Epidemiology 312
16.1.2 Aetiology 313
16.1.3 Pathology and Classifications 313
16.2 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 313
16.3 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas (NHL) and Specific Entities 314
16.4 Work-Up 315
16.4.1 Diagnosis 315
16.4.2 Initial Imaging 315
16.4.3 Staging 315
16.5 Treatment 315
16.6 Response Assessment 317
16.7 Nodal Disease 317
16.7.1 The Common Sites 317
16.7.2 The Uncommon Sites 318
16.8 Extranodal Disease 319
16.8.1 Waldeyer’s Ring and the Upper Aerodigestive Tract 319
16.8.2 Orbit 321
16.8.3 Salivary Glands 323
16.8.4 Sinonasal Cavities 325
16.8.5 Thyroid 325
16.8.6 Bone 327
16.8.7 Skin 328
17 Positron Emission Tomography in Head and Neck Cancer 330
17.1 Introduction 330
17.1.1 Metabolic Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography 330
17.1.2 Biochemical Foundations of the Use of 18F-FDG as a Marker in Malignancy 330
17.1.3 Intratumoral Distribution of FDG at the Cellular Level 331
17.1.4 Physical and Technical Aspects of Whole-Body FDG-PET(-CT) Imaging 331
17.1.5 General Consideration on the Use of FDG-PET in Head and Neck Cancer 332
17.2 Clinical Applications 333
17.2.1 Physiological FDG Uptake Distribution in the Head and Neck Region 333
17.2.2 Staging the Primary Tumour 333
17.2.3 Detection and Staging of Recurrent Disease 337
17.2.4 FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning 339
17.2.5 Therapy Monitoring and Planning 340
17.3 Conclusion 342
18 Use of Imaging Data in Radiotherapy Planning of Head and Neck Cancer: Improved Tumour Characterization, Delineation and Treatment Veri. cation 345
18.1 Introduction 345
18.2 General Principles of Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer 346
18.3 Present Status of Imaging Modalities in Radiotherapy: Overview 348
18.3.1 Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy 349
18.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Radiotherapy 350
18.3.3 Positron Emission Tomography in Radiotherapy 350
18.4 Applications of Imaging Data in Radiation Oncology 351
18.4.1 Target Delineation: Anatomical Information 351
18.4.2 Target Delineation: Biological Information 353
18.4.3 Treatment Verification 357
18.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 357
Subject Index 360
List of Contributors 364

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 19.4.2006
• Reihe/Serie: Diagnostic Imaging
• Reihe/Serie: Diagnostic Imaging
• Reihe/Serie: Medical Radiology
• Reihe/Serie: Medical Radiology
• Vorwort: Albert L. Baert
• Zusatzinfo: XII, 364 p. 665 illus., 52 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Chirurgie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Onkologie
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren ► Radiologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Anamnese / Körperliche Untersuchung
• Schlagworte: Computed tomography • diagnostic radiology • Endoscopy • head and neck cancer • Head and Neck Surgery • Imaging • Imaging techniques • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • malignant neoplasms • metastatic disease • Positron Emission Tomography • Radiaton Oncology • Staging • Treatment Planning • Tumor
• ISBN-10: 3-540-33066-6 / 3540330666
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-33066-0 / 9783540330660