Intelligent Spectrum Management (eBook)

Towards 6G

Sridhar Iyer, Anshuman Kalla, Onel Alcaraz Lopez, Chamitha de Alwis (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024 | 1. Auflage
304 Seiten
Wiley-IEEE Press (Verlag)
978-1-394-20121-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Forward-thinking reference on spectrum sharing and resource management for 5G, B5G, and 6G wireless networks

Intelligent Spectrum Management: Towards 6G explores various aspects of spectrum sharing and resource management in 5G, beyond 5G, and the envisaged 6G networks. The book offers an in-depth exploration of intelligent and secure sharing of spectrum and resource management in existing and future mobile networks.

The book sets the stage by providing an insight to the evolution of mobile networks and highlights the importance of spectrum sharing and resource management in next-generation wireless networks. At the core, the book explores various promising technologies such as cognitive radio, reinforcement learning, deep learning, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and blockchain technology towards efficient, intelligent, and secure sharing of spectrum and resource management. Moreover, the book presents dynamic and decentralized resource management techniques, including network slicing, game theory, and blockchain-enabled approaches.

Topics covered include:

• Spectrum, and why it must be utilized optimally and transparently
• Future applications envisioned with 6G, such as digital twins, Industry 5.0, holographic telepresence, and Extended Reality (XR)
• Challenges when Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) is enabled through Machine Learning (ML) techniques, including the complexity of received signals and the difficulty in obtaining accurate network data such as channel state information
• Reinforcement learning and deep learning-assisted spectrum management
• Synergy between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology for spectrum management
• Private networks, including their prospects, architecture, enabling concepts, and techniques for efficient operation

In essence, various innovative technologies and approaches that can be leveraged to enhance spectrum utilization and efficiently manage network resources are discussed. The book is a potential reference for researchers, academics, and professionals in the wireless service provider industry, as well as regulators and officials.

Sridhar Iyer (Senior Member, IEEE) is a Professor at KLE Technological University Dr MSSCET, India. His research interests include semantic communications and spectrum allocation for intelligent wireless systems.

Anshuman Kalla (Senior Member, IEEE) is a Professor in the Department of Computer Engineering, CGPIT, Uka Tarsadia University (UTU), India. His research interests include blockchain and smart contract enabled systems, IoT, and next-generation mobile networks.

Onel Alcaraz López (Member, IEEE) holds an Assistant Professorship (tenure track) in Sustainable Wireless Communications Engineering at the Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), Oulu, Finland. His research interests include sustainable IoT, energy harvesting, wireless RF energy transfer, machine-type communications, and cellular-enabled positioning systems.

Chamitha De Alwis (Senior Member, IEEE) is a Lecturer in Cybersecurity at the University of Bedfordshire, UK. His research interests include network security, 5G/6G technologies, and blockchain.

Textauszug

1
Evolution of Mobile Networks

Deepak Kumar1, Sridhar Iyer2, and Onel Alcaraz López1

1Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

2Department of ECE, KLE Technological University, Dr. MSSCET, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

1.1 Introduction

The advent of mobile networks has ushered in a new era of communication. This in turn is playing a pivotal role in our interconnected world and has transformed the way we connect, work, and live. By enabling people to seamlessly communicate, access information, and utilize digital services anytime and anywhere, mobile networks increasingly bridge the digital divide and support businesses, e-commerce, and digital entrepreneurship, thus fueling economic growth and societal advances. Indeed, mobile communications can significantly contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.1 This is possible by offering infrastructure and access to digital services supporting growth, efficiency, and sustainability, especially for economies where existing services are limited or the related infrastructure is poor [1].

Digitalization of services delivered through mobile communications networks has shown immense benefit in developing economies in particular driving the uptake of micro-banking and micro-finance, micro-energy grids, and market creation [2]. Productivity enhancement may arise from remote work support and access to critical information and digital services, a capability that has become crucial in the face of global challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In times of crisis, mobile networks even serve as vital lifelines, facilitating emergency communication and coordination.

There have been phenomenal advancements in mobile communications for more than a century and consistently since the first-generation (1G) networks in the 1980s. A new generation has been introduced nearly every 10 years since then, with each iteration bringing significant improvements in terms of key performance indicators (KPIs). From the initial 1G networks that allowed only voice calls, mobile communication networks have progressed through the second generation (2G), third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), and fifth generation (5G), enabling not only voice communication but also high-speed Internet access, mobile gaming, location tracking, online education, augmented reality applications, and foundation for the Internet of Things (IoT) [3]. A graphical representation of the evolution of mobile networks, including some distinctive KPIs that emerged during the evolution, is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Evolution of mobile networks and emerging KPIs.

Understanding the evolution of mobile networks is of paramount importance for researchers, engineers, and academics, and constitutes the scope of this chapter. Such an understanding/knowledge drives innovation, informs policy, opens business avenues, and ensures the education of future generations. As mobile networks continue to evolve, staying informed and engaged in their development is vital for the betterment of society and the advancement of human, human-to-machine, and machine-to-machine connectivity.

1.2 Origins and Early Developments

Telecommunications have been critical to human society since ancient times. The discovery of the relationship between electricity and magnetism by Hans Christian Oersted in 1820 was a milestone. Further, Michael Faraday showed that a fluctuating magnetic field could induce electric current on a conductor in 1831, marking a turning point in the history of telecommunications by laying the foundation for subsequent advancements. This discovery laid the groundwork for wireless communication at non-line-of-sight distances.

Later on, two major telecommunication developments were the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, allowing the transmission of analog live signals, and Marconi’s wireless telegraphy in 1896. The first amplitude-modulation radio broadcasting was demonstrated by Reginald A. Fessenden in 1906. Meanwhile, in 1935, Major Edwin H. Armstrong demonstrated high-quality music transmission using frequency-modulation radio broadcasts. The private telephone companies also started providing landline telephones and services. During the 1940s, the general public was offered a public mobile telephone, which was a wireless device that connected with the public switched telephone network [4]. The United States’ Federal Communication Commission (FCC) started two-way radio service over a 460 MHz band in 1945, where millions of users used the same channel across the country. In 1947, radiotelephone systems, comprising small geographical areas called cells, were proposed by the Bell laboratories [5]. A base station (BS) transmitter setup was placed in each cell, and cell traffic was controlled by a central switch. A few decades later, in 1971, the first wireless computer network, called AlohaNet, was introduced [6]. AlohaNet could connect multiple low-data rate stations via a single radio channel to a central host without considering any access rule or synchronization [7]. In 1972, S-Aloha was proposed using a time-slotted channel, which could double the channel capacity. The cellular radio networks assign radio channels to mobile stations by employing a demand-assigned multiple-access protocol, where the uplink request channel is based on S-Aloha.

The initial cellular systems are referred to as mobile radiotelephone or zeroth generation (0G), pointing to the pre-cellphone mobile telephony. Such systems were usually mounted in vehicles’ boot/trunk. Indeed, the transceiver was mounted in the vehicle boot and was usually placed on the head section and fixed close to the driver’s seat. In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation launched 1G to the citizens of Tokyo, which was available nationwide in Japan by 1984 [8]. The cellular standards used in 1G included mainly Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) and Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT). The AMPS was invented at Bell Labs [9] and also used in the United Kingdom under the name of Total Access Communication System [10]. The NMT system was simultaneously introduced in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden in 1981, which was the first mobile phone network with worldwide roaming [11]. Motorola’s DynaTAC mobile phone was implemented by Chicago-based Ameritech in 1983 to build the first 1G network in the United States [12]. The world’s first cell phone, DynaTAC 8000X, created by Motorola in 1983, was essentially a two-way frequency-modulation radio designed only for voice calls [13]. Several nations, including the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Canada, followed in the early to mid-1980s.

1G was completely an analog cellular system. The fundamental concept underlying 1G cellular networks is the division of the region into cells, each of which is serviced by a BS and usually spans 10–25 km. The small size of cells allows for frequency reuse in nearby cells. In addition, smaller cells need smaller, less-expensive, and less-powerful equipment to send and receive data. However, these standards did not include any placement (i.e., coordinates of a certain object) instructions. The utilization of location data within the network garnered noteworthy interest from both, operators and application developers. Vehicle location (by using signal strength, time delay, or direction of arrival measurements) was targeted to improve the effectiveness of cellular calls through system control [14]. 1G cellular systems were additionally utilized for intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) applications [15]. Further, it supported emergency services based on proprietary location solutions. This included services such as those of Grayson Wireless with a joint time difference of arrival and angle of arrival solution or true position with an uplink time difference of arrival, both of which used AMPS signals [16]. 1G networks realized data rates up to 2.4 kbps, sufficient to support analog voice call services [10]. Meanwhile, these networks were concentrated in urban and densely populated areas with limited coverage and capacity, and faced network congestion, excessive call drop problems, reckless hand-off, and security threats.

The Groupe Spécial Mobile, established in 1982 by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations, started working on the harmonization of mobile communication systems in the 900 MHz band [9]. The primary service was telephony; however, it was also possible to use enticing nonvoice alternatives. The action plan included studies on market, tariff, technical, and regulatory needs. Further, in 1984, France and Germany contributed to the global system for mobile communications (GSM) [17]. A structure for the GSM specifications and an action plan for their completion was created. It was decided to employ smart cards as subscriber identity modules (SIMs), and support free circulation, mobile station licensing, international roaming, charging, and accounting. At a high-level meeting in Bonn in May 1987, the basic GSM specification was finally agreed upon.

The transition from 1G to 2G in the 1990s constituted the transition from analog to digital cellular systems, offering improved voice quality and paving the way for sophisticated mobile services and capabilities. The progression of mobile communications from several separate...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.12.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: 5G • 6G • B5G • Cognitive Radio • Distributed Ledger Technology • Game Theory • network slicing • Next-Generation Wireless Networks • Spectrum Management • spectrum sharing • Wireless resource management
• ISBN-10: 1-394-20121-4 / 1394201214
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-20121-1 / 9781394201211