Statistical Methods (eBook)

Stefan Szulc (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
674 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-2593-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Statistical Methods provides a discussion of the principles of the organization and technique of research, with emphasis on its application to the problems in social statistics. This book discusses branch statistics, which aims to develop practical ways of collecting and processing numerical data and to adapt general statistical methods to the objectives in a given field. Organized into five parts encompassing 22 chapters, this book begins with an overview of how to organize the collection of such information on individual units, primarily as accomplished by government agencies. This text then examines the other types of statistical series such as geographical, time, and structural series. Other chapters consider several types of relative numbers and analyze some related problems in greater detail. This book discusses as well the methods of analysis of interdependence between the characteristics deals with these methods. The final chapter deals with cases in which partial research is either an incorrect form of pseudo-sampling survey. This book is a valuable resource for economists.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Statistical Methods 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
INTRODUCTION 10
1. The Chief Trend of Development in Statistics 10
2. The Definition of Statistical Method 19
3. The Relationship between Statistics and Reality 22
PART I: THE ORGANIZATION AND TECHNIQUE OF STATISTICAL RESEARCH 28
CHAPTER 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF STATISTICAL WORK 30
1. The Role and Task of Statistics in Administration 30
2. Organization Problems 40
CHAPTER 2. THE FORMATION OF STATISTICAL MATERIAL 56
1. The Notion and Kinds of Statistical Material 56
2. The Conditions for Obtaining Good Statistical Material 57
3. Secondary Statistical Material. The Combining of Statistical Research with Administrative Functions 74
4. Partial Statistical Enquiry 79
5. Substitutes for Statistical Enquiry 82
CHAPTER 3. THE PROCESSING OF STATISTICAL MATERIAL. THE PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA 89
1. The Design of Statistical Table 89
2. The Preparation of Raw Statistical Data for Tabulation 99
3. Checking and Coding 107
4. Technical Equipment in Statistics 114
5. Statistical Diagrams 117
PART II: STATISTICAL SERIES 130
INTRODUCTION 132
1. Statistical Series 132
2. Statistical Tables 134
CHAPTER 4. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 136
1. The Arrangement of Series: Classification 136
2. General Analysis of a Frequency Distribution 153
CHAPTERS 5 AND 6 NUMERICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 176
Statement of the Problem 176
CHAPTER 5. AVERAGE 179
1. Definition and Types of Averages in Statistics 179
2. The Arithmetic Mean and its Computation 180
3. The Geometric Mean 194
4. The Harmonic Mean 196
5. Power Means 198
6. Weighted Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic and Power Means. Averages of Averages. Averages of Quotients 199
7. Location Averages 209
8. General Comments about Averages 219
CHAPTER 6. MEASURES OF DISPERSION, ASYMMETRY AND CONCENTRATION 222
1. Range of Variation. Quartile Deviation* Mean Deviation 222
2. Standard Deviation 224
3. Relative Deviations 229
4. Measures of Asymmetry (Skewness) 230
5. The Calculation of the Numerical Characteristics of a Frequency Distribution 231
6. Measures of Concentration 243
CHAPTER 7. STRUCTURAL SERIES BASED ON NON-MEASURABLE CHARACTERISTICS 258
1. Arrangement of the Series 258
2. The Technique of Analysing Series 262
CHAPTER 8. TERRITORIAL OR GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES 265
1. Territorial Units 265
2. The Cartogram as a Tool for Analysing Geographical Series 267
CHAPTER 9. GENERAL PROBLEMS. PRESENTATION AND TECHNIQUE OF THE ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES 276
1. General Problems 276
2. Elementary Method of Analysis of Time Series 284
CHAPTER 10. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES 301
1. Types of Changes Occuring in Time 301
2. The Elimination of Fluctuations. The Moving Average. Smoothing the Curve by Graphical Methods. Other Mechanical Methods 309
3. Measuring Periodic Fluctuations 317
4. Analysis of Growth Trend 332
5. Conclusions and Comments on the Calculation and Elimination of Seasonally 341
PART III: RELATIVE NUMBERS. COMPOSITE INDEX-NUMBERS. ELIMINATION TABLES 352
CHAPTER 11. RELATIVE NUMBERS 354
1. Définition and Technique of Calculating Relative Numbers 354
2. General Classification of Relative Numbers 355
CHAPTER 12. COMPOSITE INDICES 363
1. Introduction to the Problem 363
2. Aggregate Indices 366
3. Generalizations and Conclusions 375
4. Some Properties of Individual and Aggregate Indices 378
5. Examples of the Application of Composite Indices in the Soviet Union and in People's Poland 381
6. Composite Indices in the Statistics of Capitalist Countries 388
CHAPTER 13. COEFFICIENTS AND PROBABILITIES IN HETEROGENEOUS POPULATIONS. STANDARDIZATION OF COEFFICIENTS 396
1. Coefficients in Heterogeneous Populations 396
2. Standardizing Coefficients 407
CHAPTER 14. ELIMINATION TABLES 416
1. General Design of Elimination Tables. Life Tables. Relations between Biometrie Functions 416
2. Analysis of Biometrie Functions of the Life Table 425
3. Elimination Tables for Lower Organisms and for Technical Equipment 430
PART IV: CORRELATION ANALYSIS 432
CHAPTER 15. THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION LINES 434
1. The Problem Stated 434
2. The Notion of Correlation and Regression 437
3. Derivation of Formulae. A Case of Linear Regression 447
4. Examples of Calculating Correlation Coefficients and of Determining Regression Lines 456
CHAPTER 16. CURVILINEAR REGRESSION. INTERPRETATION OF MEASURES OF CORRELATION 470
1. Curvilinear Regression 470
2. Interpretation of the Measures of Correlation 483
CHAPTER 17. SOME OTHER PROBLEMS IN CORRELATION ANALYSIS 489
1. Multiple Correlation 489
2. The Coefficient of Rank Correlation 499
3. Correlation between Non-measurable Characteristic 501
PART V: INTRODUCTION TO SAMPLING 512
CHAPTER 18 CERTAIN DEFINITIONS AND THEOREMS FROM PROBABILITY THEORY 514
1. The Mathematical Concept of Probability 514
2. Binominal Distribution — Normal Distribution 518
3. The Theory of Probability and Statistical Reality 527
4. Drawing. The Law of Large Numbers 528
CHAPTER 19. SAMPLING 530
1. Basic Concepts and Formulae 530
2. Small Sample 543
3. Consistency of the Structure of Two Populations 545
4. Determination of Required Size of Sample 552
5. Conclusions. General Comments on Sampling 559
CHAPTER 20. SAMPLE DESIGN AND TECHNIQUE 561
1. Sample Design 561
2. Sampling Technique 570
CHAPTER 21. APPLICATION OF SAMPLING 577
1. From the History of Sampling 577
2. Sample Surveys Related to the Census 579
3. Studies of Yields 591
4. Examples of other Applications of Sampling 595
5. Statistical Quality Control in Mass Production 599
CHAPTER 22. PARTIAL STUDIES BASED PARTIALLY OR NOT AT ALL ON SAMPLING METHODS 604
1. Examples of Research 604
2. Conclusions 611
APPENDIX 616
A. The Smoothing of Statistical Series (E. Vielrose) 618
B. Interpolation (E. Vielrose) 629
C. Operations with Approximate Numbers (E. Vielrose) 636
D. Tables 642
Name Index 670
Subject Index 672

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Algebra
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Angewandte Mathematik
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Statistik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-2593-3 / 1483225933
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-2593-7 / 9781483225937