Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture (eBook)

E.M. Donaldson, C.-S. Lee (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2012 | 1. Auflage
328 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-092986-6 (ISBN)

Infos

The successful reproduction of cultured brood stock is essential to the sustainable aquaculture of aquatic organisms. This book describes recent advances in the field of finfish reproductive biotechnology. The chapters in this volume are written by eminent scientists who review the progress and assess the status of biotechnology research that is applicable to the reproduction of finfish species for aquaculture. A wide range of topics is included starting with broodstock technologies such as broodstock genetics, broodstock nutrition, environmental control of maturation and impacts of stress on broodstock, gametes and progeny. The volume includes technologies for induction of ovulation and spermiation using synthetic hypothalamic peptides. Gamete technologies which are described include cryopreservation, chromosome set manipulation, disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos and the development of transgenic fish with enhanced production characteristics. Genetic and endocrine technologies for the production of monosex male and female fish stocks are also described.The closing chapter summarizes the discussion of each topic at the workshop, provides recommendations to industry and describes priorities of research and development. Researchers as well as teaching faculty in the aquaculture field will find this volume of great value.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 7
Preface 8
Chapter 1. Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny 10
Abstract 10
1. Introduction 11
2. Effects of stress on adult physiology and quality 12
3. Variation in the physiological and organismic stress response 13
4. A progeny-protecting system: a modest proposal 22
5. Concluding remarks 25
References 25
Chapter 2. Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish 32
Abstract 32
1. Introduction 33
2. Effect of food restriction 33
3. Effects of nutrition on fecundity of broodstock fish 33
4. Effect of broodstock nutrition on fertilization 36
5. Effect of broodstock nutrition on embryo development 37
6. Effects of broodstock nutrition on larval quality 40
7. Timing of broodstock nutrition 41
8. Valuable ingredients for broodstock diets 42
9. Broodstock feeding practices 44
10. Concluding remarks 44
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
Chapter 3. Genetics and broodstock management of coho salmon 50
Abstract 50
1. Introduction 51
2. Materials and methods 53
3. Results 56
4. Discussion 64
References 67
Chapter 4. The environmental regulation of maturation in farmed finfish with special reference to the role of photoperiod and melatonin 70
1. Introduction 70
2. Seasonally-changing light regimes 72
3. Constant photoperiod regimes 72
4. Direction of change of daylength and photoperiodic history 73
5. Endogenous biological clocks or rhythms 75
6. Photoperiod-temperature interactions 76
7. Effects of salinity 78
8. Effects of fish size/nutritional status 80
9. Melatonin secretion and the timing of reproduction 81
10. Transduction of photoperiodic information to the reproductive axis 90
11. Application of photoperiod techniques to aquaculture 92
12. Overall conclusions 96
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
Chapter 5. Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: from hormones to genes 106
Abstract 106
1. Introduction 107
2. Reproductive dysfunctions of cultured fish 108
3. Hormonal induction of ovulation and spawning 110
4. Next generation of spawning induction therapies 130
5. Conclusions 131
Acknowledgements 132
References 132
Chapter 6. Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp 144
Abstract 144
1. Introduction 145
2. Vertically transmitted pathogens 147
3. Methods for prevention and control 154
4. Saprophytic infections of embryos during incubation 159
5. Cryopreservation of gametes 159
6. Summary and conclusions 160
Acknowledgements 160
References 161
Chapter 7. Cryopreservation of finfish and shellfish gametes and embryos 168
Abstract 168
1. Introduction 169
2. Cryopreservation research—Taiwan as an example 172
3. Recent advances in cryopreservation research 178
4. Cryopreservation research directions 186
5. Epilogue 191
Acknowledgements 192
References 192
Chapter 8. The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture 198
Abstract 198
1. Introduction 198
2. Discussion 199
3. Conclusion 208
Acknowledgements 209
References 209
Chapter 9. Genetic improvement of aquaculture finfish species by chromosome manipulation techniques in Japan 212
Abstract 212
1. Introduction 213
2. Application of polyploid techniques for aquaculture 214
3. Application of gynogenetic and androgenetic techniques to aquaculture 221
4. The use of chromosome manipulations to investigate sex-determining systems 226
5. Regulation of the use of chromosomally manipulated fish in Japan 228
6. Final remarks for further integration with molecular techniques 228
Acknowledgements 230
References 230
Chapter 10. Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish 236
Abstract 236
1. Introduction 237
2. Sex in fish 238
3. Feminization strategies 248
4. Hormonal treatments 254
5. Clearance of steroids 263
6. Evaluation of oestrogen effects 264
7. Selected families 268
8. Regulatory issues 273
9. Recommendations for treating new species 274
10. Conclusions and future prospects 275
Acknowledgements 276
References 276
Chapter 11. Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia: applications, problems, and prospects 290
Abstract 290
1. Introduction 291
2. Natural variation in sex ratio 292
3. Benefits of monosex culture 295
4. Methods for production of monosex males 296
5. Production of genetically male Nile tilapia monosex (GMT) 300
6. Monosex male culture in other species 303
7. Conclusions: problems and potential for the future 304
Acknowledgements 305
References 305
Chapter 12. General discussion on "Reproductive biotechnology in finfish aquaculture" 310
1. Introduction 310
2. Stress 310
3. Broodstock nutrition 312
4. Genetics 314
5. Environment 316
6. Endocrine regulation of spawning 318
7. Disease prevention and control 320
8. Cryopreservation 321
9. Biotechnology /transgenics 322
10. Chromosome manipulation 324
11. Sex control 325
Keyword Index 328

Textauszug

Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish

M.S. Izquierdoa,*; H. Fernández-Palaciosa; A.G.J. Taconb    a GIA, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, P.O. Box 56, 35200 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
b The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, HI 96795, USA
* Corresponding author.

Abstract

In many cultured fish species, particularly in those new for aquaculture, unpredictable and variable reproductive performance is an important limiting factor for the successful mass production of juveniles. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve not only egg and sperm quality but also seed production. Gonadal development and fecundity are affected by certain essential dietary nutrients, especially in continuous spawners with short vitellogenic periods. Thus, during the last two decades, more attention has been paid to the level of different nutrients in broodstock diets. However, studies on broodstock nutrition are limited and relatively expensive to conduct.

Lipid and fatty acid composition of broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors that determine successful reproduction and survival of offspring. Some fish species readily incorporate dietary unsaturated fatty acids into eggs, even during the course of the spawning season. Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) with 20 or more carbon atoms affect, directly or through their metabolites, fish maturation and steroidogenesis. In some species, HUFA in broodstock diets increases fecundity, fertilization and egg quality. As in higher vertebrates, vitamin E deficiency affects reproductive performance, causing immature gonads and lower hatching rate and survival of offspring. For example, elevation of dietary α-tocopherol levels has been found to reduce the percentage of abnormal eggs and increase fecundity in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Ascorbic acid has also been shown to play an important role in salmonid reproduction, where the dietary requirement of broodstock was higher than that of juveniles. Among different feed ingredients, cuttlefish, squid and krill meals are recognized as valuable components of broodstock diets. The protein component of cuttlefish and squid together with their optimal concentration of HUFA appear to be responsible for their positive effect on reproductive performance. Both polar and nonpolar lipid fractions of raw krill were found to effectively improve egg quality. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords

Broodstock

Nutrition

Spawn

Egg quality

Fatty acids

Vitamin E

Received 1 October 2000; accepted 31 December 2000

1 Introduction

Broodstock nutrition is without doubt one of the most poorly understood and researched areas of finfish nutrition. To a large extent, this has been due to the necessity of suitable indoor or outdoor culture facilities for maintaining large groups of adult fish and the consequent higher cost of running and conducting extended broodstock feeding trials. However, as in human and livestock nutrition (Leboulanger, 1977), it is clear that the dietary nutrient requirements of broodstock will be different from those of rapidly growing juvenile animals. Moreover, as in other animals, it is also clear that many of the deficiencies and problems encountered during the early rearing phases of newly hatched finfish larvae are directly related to the feeding regime (including nutrient level and duration) of the broodstock. The aim of this paper is to review the major studies conducted to date on the effects of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of farmed fish.

2 Effect of food restriction

Food restriction itself can seriously affect spawning success. A reduction in feeding rate has been reported to cause an inhibition of gonadal maturation in several fish species, including goldfish (Carassius auratus, Sasayama and Takahashi, 1972), European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax, Cerdá et al., 1994a) and male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Berglund, 1995). In seabass, after 6 months of feeding broodstock with a half food ration, growth rates decreased and spawning time was delayed and eggs as well as newly hatched larvae were smaller than those obtained from fish fed full rations (Cerdá et al., 1994a). In female seabass, the detrimental effects of food restriction were associated with reduced plasma estradiol levels (Cerdá et al., 1994a). However, the expression of the GtH genes was not affected by food restriction in mature female goldfish (Sohn et al., 1998).

3 Effects of nutrition on fecundity of broodstock fish

Several methods have been developed to assess the egg quality of fish (Kjorsvik et al., 1990; Fernández-Palacios et al., 1995). One of the parameters, fecundity, has been used to determine egg quality, which is also affected by a nutritional deficiency in broodstock diets. Fecundity is the total number of eggs produced by each fish expressed either in terms of eggs/spawn or eggs/body weight. Reduced fecundity, reported in several marine fish species, could be caused either by the influence of a nutrient imbalance on the brain–pituitary–gonad endocrine system or by the restriction in the availability of a biochemical component for egg formation.

The elevation of dietary lipid levels from 12% to 18% in broodstock diets for rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) resulted in an increase in fecundity and hatching (Duray et al., 1994), although this effect could also be related to a gradual increase in the dietary essential fatty acid content. Indeed, one of the major nutritional factors that has been found to significantly affect reproductive performance in fish is the dietary essential fatty acid content (Watanabe et al., 1984a,b). Fecundity in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) was found to significantly increase with an increase in dietary n – 3 HUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 or more carbon atoms, essential for marine fish) levels up to 1.6% (Fernández-Palacios et al., 1995), and similar results have been reported in other sparids (Watanabe et al., 1984a,b,c, 1985a, b). However, studies on the reproductive performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as indicated by the number of females that spawn, spawning frequency, number of fry per spawning and total fry production over a 24-week period, show that the performance was much higher in fish fed a basal diet supplemented with soybean oil (high in n – 6 fatty acids, essential for this fish species; Watanabe, 1982) and relatively low in fish fed a 5% cod liver oil supplemented diet (high in n – 3 fatty acids) (Santiago and Reyes, 1993). Fish fed the diet containing cod liver oil showed the highest weight gain (Santiago and Reyes, 1993).

With the exception of salmonids and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), muscle lipid reserves are utilised during the maturation of the ovaries (Lie et al., 1993). In sparids, the fatty acid composition of the female gonad is greatly affected by the dietary fatty acid content, which in turn significantly influences egg quality in a short period of time (Harel et al., 1992). Thus, in gilthead seabream, the fatty acid composition of eggs is directly affected by the n – 3 HUFA content of the broodstock diet. Both the n – 3 fatty acid and n – 3 HUFA content of gilthead seabream eggs increased with an increase in n – 3 HUFA dietary levels, mainly due to the increase of 18:3n – 3, 18:4n – 3 and 20:5n – 3 (EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid) contents in the eggs (Fernández-Palacios et al., 1995). A positive correlation was observed between the levels of n – 3 HUFA in the diet and the eggs with the EPA concentration being more readily affected by dietary n – 3 HUFA than DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed an n – 3 deficient diet during the last 3 months of vitellogenesis produced a moderate effect on the incorporation of DHA into egg lipid whereas EPA concentration decreased by 50% (Frémont et al., 1984). However, the levels of other fatty acids in the eggs were not affected by the fatty acid composition of the diet. Selective retention of DHA has also been found during embryogenesis (Izquierdo, 1996) and during starvation (Tandler et al., 1989) denoting the importance of this fatty acid for the developing embryo and larvae. Polyunsaturated fatty acids can also regulate eicosanoid production, particularly prostaglandins, which are involved in several reproductive processes (Moore, 1995), including the production of steroid hormones and gonadal development such as ovulation. Fish ovaries have a high capacity to generate eicosanoids, among them prostaglandin E (PGE) derived from cycloxygenase action and leukotrienes LTB4 and LTB5 derived from lipoxygenase action (Knight et al., 1995). Inhibitors of the latter enzyme reduced the gonadotropin-induced maturation of European seabass oocytes (Asturiano,...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.12.2012
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Weitere Themen ► Bioinformatik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 0-08-092986-9 / 0080929869
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-092986-6 / 9780080929866