Plant Genetic Engineering (eBook)

Towards the Third Millennium

A.D. Arencibia (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2000 | 1. Auflage
284 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053905-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Plant biotechnology offers important opportunities for agriculture, horticulture, and the pharmaceutical and food industry by generating transgenic varieties with altered properties. This is likely to change farming practice and reduce the potential negative impact of plant production on the environment. This volume shows the worldwide advances and potential benefits of plant genetic engineering focusing on the third millennium. The authors discuss the production of transgenic plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stress, the improvement of plant qualities, the use of transgenic plants as bioreactors, and the use of plant genomics for genetic improvement and gene cloning. Unique to this book is the integrative point of view taken between plant genetic engineering and socioeconomic and environmental issues. Considerations of regulatory processes to release genetically modified plants, as well as the public acceptance of the transgenic plants are also discussed. This book will be welcomed by biotechnologists, researchers and students alike working in the biological sciences. It should also prove useful to everyone dedicated to the study of the socioeconomic and environmental impact of the new technologies, while providing recent scientific information on the progress and perspectives of the production of genetically modified plants.

The work is dedicated to Professor Marc van Montagu.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Table of contents 8
Preface 6
Chapter 1. Global Status of Transgenic Crops: Challenges and Opportunities 12
Chapter 2. Can the Biotechnology Revolution Feed the World? 18
Chapter 3. Biotechnology Can Help Crop Production to Feed an Increasing World Population-Positive and Negative Aspects Need to be Balanced: A Perspective from FAO 24
Chapter 4. Molecular Markers in Variety and Seed Testing 38
Chapter 5. The Genetic Basis of Drought Tolerance in Maize and Options for Improvement Via Marker-Assisted Selection 46
Chapter 6. Analysis of Quantitative Trait Locis (QTL) Based on linkage Maps in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) 53
Chapter 7. Molecular Characterization of the Sugarcane Variability for Genetic Improvement 60
Chapter 8. Somaclonal Variation in Transgenic Sugarcane Plants: Practical Implications 73
Chapter 9. On the Mechanism of Horizontal Gene Transfer by Agrobacterium tumefaciens 79
Chapter 10. Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) Genetic Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Production of Transgenic Plants Expressing Proteins with Agronomic and Industrial Value 87
Chapter 11. Progress in Agrobacterium-mediated Maize Transformation at the Plant Transformation Facility of Iowa State University 93
Chapter 12. Assessment of Conditions Affecting Agrobacterium-mediated Soybean Transformation and Routine Recovery of Transgenic Soybean 99
Chapter 13. Genetic Engineering of Cuban Rice Cultivars. Present and Perspectives 106
Chapter 14. Histological and Ultrastructural Analysis of A. rhizogenes-mediated Root Formation in Walnut Cuttings 111
Chapter 15. Genetic Improvement Program at the Institute of Plant Biotechnology 118
Chapter 16. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Regeneration and Transformation Technology to Provide Weevil (Cylas formicarius) Resistance. Field Trial Results 123
Chapter 17. Regulation of Transgene Expression: Progress Towards Practical Development in Sugarcane, and Implications for Other Plant Species 129
Chapter 18. Polycistronic Translation in Plants. What Can we Learn from Viruses 137
Chapter 19. Towards Plantibody-Mediated Resistance to Plant Parasitic Nematodes 141
Chapter 20. Field and Molecular Evaluation of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Poplar (Populus nigra L.) Trees 148
Chapter 21. Insect-resistant Tropical Plants and New Assessment About Cry Proteins 154
Chapter 22. Inserting the Nucleoprotein Gene of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Different Plant Species, and Screening for Virus Resistance 159
Chapter 23. Advances in Potato Improvement Through Genetic Engineering 165
Chapter 24. Agriculture for Marginal Lands: Transgenic Plants Towards the Third Millennium 170
Chapter 25. Commercialization of Genetically Engineered Potato Plants Resistant to Disease 177
Chapter 26. Potato Transgenic Plants Expressing Mammalian Double Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (mPKR) 183
Chapter 27. Genetic Engineering of Potato for Tolerance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress 188
Chapter 28. Metabolic Engineering of Brassica Seeds Oils: Improvement of Oil Quality and Quantity and Alteration of Carbon Flux 193
Chapter 29. Towards the Improvement of Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material for the Production of Paper Pulp and Animal Feed. 200
Chapter 30. Strategies for Fructan Production in Transgenic Sugarcane (Saccharum spp L.) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batata L.) Plants Expressing the Acetobacter diazotrophicus levansucrase 205
Chapter 31. Molecular Analysis of Plant Fructan Accumulation 210
Chapter 32. Genetic Engineering of Fruits and Vegetables with the Ethylene Control Gene Encoding S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase (SAMase) 217
Chapter 33. Improvement of Wood Quality for the Pulp and Paper Industry by Genetic Modification of Lignin Biosynthesis in Poplar 226
Chapter 34. Molecular farming of pharmaceutical and veterinary proteins from transgenic plants: CIGB experience 233
Chapter 35. Toward Molecular Farming of Therapeutics in Plants 240
Chapter 36. Production of Autoantigens in Plant for Oral Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases 250
Chapter 37. Safety Assessments for Commercialization of Transgenic Crops and Results of Commercialization 260
Chapter 38. Does Biotechnology Change the Research and Development Organizations? 267
Chapter 39. Biological Aspects and Ethical Considerations for the Utilization of GMOs 273
Index 281

Textauszug

Global Status of Transgenic Crops: Challenges and Opportunities

C. James    ISAAA Board of Directors. P.O. Box 427 SAV, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

Global Distribution of Transgenic Crops

Between 1996 and 1998, eight countries, 5 industrial and 3 developing, have contributed to more than a fifteen fold increase in the global area of transgenic crops. Adoption rates for transgenic crops are some of the highest for new technologies by agricultural industry standards. High adoption rates reflect grower satisfaction with the products that offer significant benefits ranging from more flexible crop management, higher productivity and a safer environment through decreased use of conventional pesticides, which collectively contribute to a more sustainable agriculture. In 1998, the global area of transgenic crops increased by 16.8 million hectares to 27.8 million hectares, from 11.0 million hectares in 1997 (Table 1). Five principal transgenic crops were grown in eight countries in 1998, three of which, Spain, France and South Africa, grew transgenic crops for the first time in 1998. Data for China has not been included in the global database because only tentative estimates were available which suggest that < 100,000 hectares of transgenic crops were grown in 1998, representing < 1 % of global transgenic area, with Bt cotton being the principal crop.

Table 1

Global area* of transgenic crops in 1996, 1997 and 1998.

Hectares (million)

Acres (million)

1996

1.7

4.3

1997

11.0

27.5

1998

27.8

69.5

Source: Clive James, 1998.

* Excluding China. Increase in area from 1996 to 1997 was 9.3 million hectares (23.2 million acres). Increase in area from 1997 to 1998 was 16.8 million hectares (42.0 million acres)

Distribution by Country

The countries listed in descending order of transgenic crop area on a global basis in 1998 (Table 2) are: USA 20.5 million hectares representing 74 % of the global area, Argentina with 4.3 million hectares equivalent to 15 % of global area; Canada 2.8 million hectares representing 10 %; Australia with approximately 0.1 million hectares equivalent to 1 % and finally Mexico, Spain, France and South Africa each with < 0.1 million hectares, equivalent to less than 1 % of the global area of transgenic crops in 1998. (Table 2). The proportion of transgenic crops grown in industrial countries was 84 %, about the same as 1997 (86 %) with 16 % grown in the developing countries, with most of that area in Argentina, and the balance in Mexico and South Africa. As in 1997, the largest increase in transgenic crops in 1998 occurred in the USA (12.4 million hectares) where there was a 2.5 fold increase, followed by Argentina (2.9 million hectares) with a 3.0 fold increase, and Canada (1.5 million hectares) with a 2.1 fold increase. USA continued to be the principal grower of transgenic crops in 1998 and its share of global area was the same (74 %) in 1997 and 1998. Argentina’s transgenic crop area increase was the largest relative change, increasing 3.0 fold from 1.4 million hectares in 1997 to 4.3 million hectares in 1998; thus Argentina’s global share of transgenic crop area increased from 13 % of global area in 1997 to 15 % in 1998. Canada’s share of global transgenic crop area decreased marginally from 12 % in 1997 to 10 % of global area in 1998.

Table 2

Global area of transgenic crops in 1997 and 1998: By country (millions of hectares).

USA

8.1

74

20.5

74

12.4 (2.5)

Argentina

1.4

13

4.3

15

2.9 (3.0)

Canada

1.3

12

2.8

10

1.5 (2.1)

Australia

0.1

1

0.1

1

< 0.1 (1.0)

Mexico

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1 (- -)

Spain

0.0

0

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1 (- -)

France

0.0

0

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1 (- -)

South Africa

0.0

0

< 0.1

<!

< 0.1 (- -)

Total

11.0

100

27.8

100

16.8(2.3)

Source: Clive James, 1998.

Distribution by Crop and Trait

The five principal transgenic crops grown in 1998 (Table 3) were, in descending order of area, soybean, com/maize, cotton, canola/rapeseed, and potato. Transgenic soybean and com continued to be ranked first and second in 1998, accounting for 52 % and 30 % of global transgenic area, respectively. Cotton and canola shared third ranking position in 1998 each occupying 9 % of global area.

Table 3

Global area of transgenic crops in 1997 & 1998: By crop (millions of hectares).

Soybean

5.1

46

14.5

52

9.4(2.9)

Corn

3.2

30

8.3

30

5.1(2.6)

Cotton

1.4

13

2.5

9

1.1(1.8)

Canola

1.2

11

2.4

9

1.2(2.0)

Potato

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1(-.-)

Total

11.0

100

27.8

100

16.8(2.5)

Source: Clive James, 1998.

The relative ranking of the principal transgenic traits were the same in 1997 and 1998 (Table 4), with herbicide tolerance being by far the highest, increasing from 63 % in 1997 to 71 % in 1998. Insect resistant crops decreased from 36 % in 1997 to 28 % in 1998. Stacked genes for insect resistance and herbicide tolerance increased from < 0.1 % in 1997 (< 0.1 million hectares) to 1 % or 0.3 million hectares in 1998 with quality traits occupying less than 1 % and < 0.1 million hectares in both 1997 and 1998.

Table 4

Global area of transgenic crops in 1997 & 1998: By trait (millions of hectares).

Herbicide tolerance

6.9

63

19.8

71

12.9(2.9)

Insect resistance

4.0

36

7.7

28

3.7 (1.9)

Insect res. & Herbicide tolerance

< 0.1

< 1

0.3

1

0.2 (-.-)

Quality Traits

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1

< 1

< 0.1 (-.-)

Global Totals

11.0

100

27.8

100

16.8(2.5)

Source: Clive James, 1998.

Major Changes in 1998

In reviewing the shift in global share of transgenic crops for the respective countries, crops and traits, the major changes between 1997 and 1998 were related to the following trends: growth in area of transgenic crops between 1997 and 1998 in the industrial countries continued to be significant and almost 5 times greater than in developing countries (13.9 million hectares versus 2.9 million hectares); in terms of crops, soybean contributed the most (56 %) to global growth of transgenic crops, equivalent to 9.4 million hectares between 1997 and 1998, followed by com at 30 % (5.1 million hectares), canola at 7 % (1.2 million hectares) and cotton at 6 % (1.1 million hectares). There were three noteworthy developments in terms of traits, herbicide tolerance contributed the most (77 % or 12.9 million hectares) to global growth, and insect resistance contributed 22 % equivalent to 3.7 million hectares; the multiple or stacked traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance increased by 0.2 million hectares in 1998 representing 1 % of global area with significant prospects for further growth in future. Of the 5 major transgenic crops grown in 8 countries in 1998, (Table 5) the two principal crops of soybean and com, represented 82 % of the global transgenic area.

Table 5

Dominant transgenic crops 1998

Crop

Million Hectares Areas

% Transgenic

Herbicide tolerant...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.2.2000
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Weitere Themen ► Bioinformatik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 0-08-053905-X / 008053905X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-053905-8 / 9780080539058