Generalisation of Geographic Information (eBook)

Cartographic Modelling and Applications

William A. Mackaness, Anne Ruas, L. Tiina Sarjakoski (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 1. Auflage
386 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052474-0 (ISBN)

Infos

"Theoretical and Applied Solutions in Multi Scale Mapping

Users have come to expect instant access to up-to-date geographical information, with global coverage--presented at widely varying levels of detail, as digital and paper products, customisable data that can readily combined with other geographic information. These requirements present an immense challenge to those supporting the delivery of such services (National Mapping Agencies (NMA), Government Departments, and private business. Generalisation of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications provides detailed review of state of the art technologies associated with these challenges, including the most recent developments in cartometric analysis techniques able to support high levels of automation among multi scale derivation techniques.

The book illustrates the application of these ideas within existing and emerging technologies. In addition to providing a comprehensive theoretical underpinning, the book demonstrates how theoretical developments have translated into commercial systems deployed within NMAs.

The book explores relevance of open systems in support of collaborative research and open source web based map services.

*State of the art review on multi scale representation techniques
*Detailed consideration of database requirements and object modeling in support of emerging applications (3D, mobile) and innovative delivery (map generalisation services)
*Illustration through existing map production environment implementations
*Consolidated bibliography (680 entries), 200 illustrations, author and subject index"

Inhalt

Cover 1
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgements 12
List of Contributors 14
Chapter 1. Understanding Geographic Space 18
1.1 Scale, Pattern and Geographic Meaning 18
1.2 A Brief History of Cartography 20
1.3 Map and Model Generalisation 21
1.4 A Changing Context 22
1.5 Why is Generalisation so Hard to Automate? 24
1.6 The Chapters of This Book 25
1.7 Conclusion 27
Chapter 2. Conceptual Models of Generalisation and Multiple Representation 28
2.1 Modelling Generalisation Processes 28
2.2 Modelling Geographic Data in Multiple Representation Databases 41
2.3 Future Research on Generalisation and MRDBs 51
2.4 Concluding Remarks 52
Chapter 3. A Synoptic View of Generalisation Operators 54
3.1 Nature and History 54
3.2 Frameworks for Generalisation Operators 55
3.3 Operations on the Data Schema 60
3.4 Algorithms for Building Generalisation 62
3.5 Algorithms for Line Generalisation 66
3.6 Algorithms for Network Simplification 70
3.7 Algorithms for Rural Features 71
3.8 Algorithms to Generalise Relief 73
3.9 Generic Description and Evaluation Criteria for Algorithms 74
3.10 Operators and Algorithms Within Existing GI Systems 74
3.11 The Changing Classification of Generalisation Operators 80
Acknowledgement 83
Chapter 4. Modelling the Overall Processprocess of Generalisation 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Condition-Action Modelling 85
4.3 Human Interaction Modelling 88
4.4 Constraint-Based Modelling 90
4.5 Conclusions and Outlook 102
Chapter 5. Evaluation in the Map Generalisation Process 106
5.1 Evaluation in the context of Map Generalisation 106
5.2 An Overview of Developments in Evaluation Techniques 107
5.3 Computational Structures to Support Analysis and Evaluation 112
5.4 The Calibration of Evaluation Criteria 114
5.5 A Formal Framework of Evaluation 115
5.6 Types of Evaluation 121
5.7 Discussion and Conclusions 127
Chapter 6. Database Requirements for Generalisation and Multiple Representations 130
6.1 Introduction 130
6.2 Modelling and Geographical Modelling: Database Principles 132
6.3 Multiple Representation Databases 136
6.4 Database Principles for Modelling Data for Generalisation 143
6.5 Conclusions 152
Chapter 7. A Real-Time Generalisation and Map Adaptation Approach for Location-Based Services 154
7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 Generalisation of Maps in Location-Based Services 158
7.3 The GiMoDig Project 161
7.4 Conceptual Process Model for Generalisation in Location-Based Services 173
7.5 Conclusions 175
Acknowledgements 176
Chapter 8. Experiments in Building an Open Generalisation Systemopen generalisation system 178
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Context and Evolution in Computer Science 181
8.3 Architectural Models for Open Generalisation Systems 183
8.4 Implementation of the Two Architectures 187
8.5 Conclusion 192
Acknowledgements 192
Chapter 9. A Data Warehouse Strategy for on-Demand Multiscale Mapping 194
9.1 Introduction 194
9.2 Web-Based On-Demand Mapping 195
9.3 A Datawarehousing Architecture Combining Cartographic Generalisation and Multiple Representation 196
9.4 Populating the Data Warehouse and the Vuel Datamart 203
9.5 Exploiting the Vuel Datamart Using the UMapIT Prototype 208
9.6 Future Improvements to UMapIT 214
9.7 Conclusion 214
Acknowledgements 215
Chapter 10. Relevance of Generalisation to the Extraction and Communication of Wayfinding Information 216
10.1 Aspects of Wayfinding 216
10.2 Characterisation and Extraction of Objects Important to Wayfinding and Navigation 219
10.3 Methods of Communicating Wayfinding Information 222
10.4 Application of Landmarks for Wayfinding and Navigation 226
10.5 Conclusion and Outlook 227
Chapter 11. 3D Building Generalisation 228
11.1 Background 228
11.2 The Necessity for 3D Building Generalisation 233
11.3 Challenges of 3D Building Generalisation 234
11.4 Description Models of 3D Buildings 235
11.5 Methods of 3D Building Generalisation 237
11.6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 248
Acknowledgement 248
Chapter 12. Characterising Space via Pattern Recognition Techniques: Identifying Patterns in Road Networks 250
12.1 Introduction 250
12.2 What is pattern recognition? 251
12.3 Patterns in Road Network 254
12.4 Summary and Outlook 270
Acknowledgement 270
Chapter 13. Generalisation of Geographical Networks 272
13.1 Introduction 272
13.2 Early Approaches to Network Generalisation 273
13.3 Exploiting Perceptual Grouping 276
13.4 Concluding Remarks 283
Acknowledgements 284
Chapter 14. A Prototype Generalisation System Based on the Multi-Agent System Paradigm 286
14.1 Introduction 286
14.2 Principles of the Generalisation Model 289
14.3 Making the Agents Communicate 295
14.4 New Research Challenges 299
Chapter 15. Managing Generalisation Updates in IGN Map Production 302
15.1 Introduction 302
15.2 Map Generalisation in the Creation of the First Edition 305
15.3 Incorporating Generalisation in the Updating Process 312
15.4 Conclusion 317
Chapter 16. Automated Generalisation in a Map Production Environment - the KMS Experience 318
16.1 Introduction 318
16.2 Key Considerations in Automating Map Production Lines 319
16.3 Generalisation Platform 325
16.4 Present Generalisation Workflow 326
16.5 Discussion 330
Chapter 17. Observations and Research Challenges in Map Generalisation and Multiple Representation 332
17.1 Some Observations 332
17.2 Research Challenges 336
17.3 Conclusion 338
17.4 In Closing 340
Consolidated Bibliography 342
Author Index 374
Subject Index 384

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.7.2011
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Datenbanken
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Software Entwicklung ► User Interfaces (HCI)
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie ► Makrosoziologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-052474-5 / 0080524745
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-052474-0 / 9780080524740