ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers (eBook)

Shahin Farahani (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2011 | 1. Auflage
360 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-055847-9 (ISBN)

Infos

ZigBee is a short-range wireless networking standard backed by such industry leaders as Motorola, Texas Instruments, Philips, Samsung, Siemens, Freescale, etc. It supports mesh networking, each node can transmit and receive data, offers high security and robustness, and is being rapidly adopted in industrial, control/monitoring, and medical applications. This book will explain the ZigBee protocol, discuss the design of ZigBee hardware, and describe how to design and implement ZigBee networks. The book has a dedicated website for the latest technical updates, ZigBee networking calculators, and additional materials. Dr. Farahani is a ZigBee system engineer for Freescale semiconductors Inc. The book comes with a dedicated website that contains additional resources and calculators: http://www.learnZigBee.com


Table of Contents
Chapter 1: ZigBeeT Basics
Chapter 2: ZigBeeT / IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Examples
Chapter 3: ZigBeeT / IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol Layers
Chapter 4: Transceiver Requirements
Chapter 5: RF Propagation, Antennas, and Regulatory Requirements
Chapter 6: Battery Life Analysis
Chapter 7: Location Estimating Using ZigBeeT
Chapter 8: ZigBeeT Coexistence
Chapter 9: Related Technologies
Appendices

KEY FEATURES

* Provides a comprehensive overview of ZigBee technology and networking, from RF/physical layer considerations to application layer development.
* Discusses ZigBee security features such as encryption.
* Describes how ZigBee can be used in location detection applications.
* Explores techniques for ZigBee co-existence with other wireless technologies such as 802.11 and Bluetooth.
* The book comes with a dedicated website that contains additional resources and calculators: http://www.learnZigBee.com

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ZigBee is a short-range wireless networking standard backed by such industry leaders as Motorola, Texas Instruments, Philips, Samsung, Siemens, Freescale, etc. It supports mesh networking, each node can transmit and receive data, offers high security and robustness, and is being rapidly adopted in industrial, control/monitoring, and medical applications. This book will explain the ZigBee protocol, discuss the design of ZigBee hardware, and describe how to design and implement ZigBee networks. The book has a dedicated website for the latest technical updates, ZigBee networking calculators, and additional materials. Dr. Farahani is a ZigBee system engineer for Freescale semiconductors Inc. The book comes with a dedicated website that contains additional resources and calculators: http://www.learnZigBee.com Provides a comprehensive overview of ZigBee technology and networking, from RF/physical layer considerations to application layer development Discusses ZigBee security features such as encryption Describes how ZigBee can be used in location detection applications Explores techniques for ZigBee co-existence with other wireless technologies such as 802.11 and Bluetooth The book comes with a dedicated website that contains additional resources and calculators: http://www.learnZigBee.com

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Foreword 16
Preface 18
Abbreviations 22
Chapter 1 ZigBee Basics 26
1.1 What Is ZigBee? 26
1.2 ZigBee versus Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 27
1.3 Short-Range Wireless Networking Classes 28
1.4 The Relationship Between ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Standards 29
1.5 Frequencies of Operation and Data Rates 31
1.6 Interoperability 33
1.7 Device Types 34
1.8 Device Roles 34
1.9 ZigBee Networking Topologies 35
1.10 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Communication Basics 37
1.10.1 CSMA-CA 37
1.10.2 Beacon-Enabled vs. Nonbeacon Networking 38
1.10.3 Data Transfer Methods 38
1.10.4 Data Verification 40
1.10.5 Addressing 40
1.11 Association and Disassociation 41
1.12 Binding 41
1.13 ZigBee Self-Forming and Self-Healing Characteristics 41
1.14 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Layer Functions 42
1.14.1 PHY Layer 42
1.14.2 MAC Layer 44
1.14.3 The NWK Layer 46
1.14.4 The APL Layer 47
1.14.5 Security 47
1.15 The ZigBee Gateway 48
1.16 ZigBee Metaphor 48
References 48
Chapter 2 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Examples 50
2.1 Home Automation 50
2.1.1 Security Systems 50
2.1.2 Meter-Reading Systems 51
2.1.3 Irrigation Systems 52
2.1.4 Light Control Systems 52
2.1.5 Multizone HVAC Systems 53
2.2 Consumer Electronics: Remote Control 54
2.3 Industrial Automation 54
2.3.1 Asset Management and Personnel Tracking 54
2.3.2 Livestock Tracking 55
2.4 Healthcare 56
2.5 Other Applications 57
2.5.1 Hotel Guest Room Access 57
2.5.2 Fire Extinguishers 57
References 57
Chapter 3 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol Layers 58
3.1 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Layers 58
3.2 The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications 59
3.2.1 Channel Assignments 59
3.2.2 Energy Detection 61
3.2.3 Carrier Sense 61
3.2.4 Link Quality Indicator 62
3.2.5 Clear Channel Assessment 62
3.2.6 The PHY Constants and Attributes 63
3.2.7 PHY Services 64
3.2.8 The Service Primitives 67
3.2.9 PHY Packet Format 69
3.2.10 Summary of the PHY Layer Responsibilities 71
3.3 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer 72
3.3.1 Beacon-Enabled Operation and Superframe Structure 73
3.3.2 The Interframe Spacing 76
3.3.3 CSMA-CA 77
3.3.4 MAC Services 81
3.3.5 The MAC Frame Format 93
3.3.6 The MAC Promiscuous Mode of Operation 103
3.3.7 Summary of the MAC Layer Responsibilities 104
3.4 The ZigBee NWK Layer 105
3.4.1 Broadcasting 106
3.4.2 Multicasting 108
3.4.3 Many-to-One Communication 110
3.4.4 Hierarchical (Tree) Topology 111
3.4.5 Mesh Topology 115
3.4.6 Routing 115
3.4.7 Route Discovery 119
3.4.8 Route Maintenance and Repair 122
3.4.9 The NWK Layer Data Service 123
3.4.10 The NWK Layer Management Service 124
3.4.11 The NWK Layer Frame Formats 127
3.4.12 Summary of the NWK Layer Responsibilities 134
3.5 The APL Layer 135
3.5.1 The Application Framework 136
3.5.2 The ZigBee Device Objects 142
3.5.3 The APS Sublayer 144
3.5.4 Summary of the APL Layer Responsibilities 147
3.6 Security Services 147
3.6.1 Encryption 148
3.6.2 Authentication 151
3.6.3 The Auxiliary Frame Header Format 154
3.6.4 The APS Sublayer Security Commands 155
3.6.5 Security Attack Examples 158
3.6.6 Summary of the Security Services 159
References 160
Chapter 4 Transceiver Requirements 162
4.1 Typical IEEE 802.15.4 Transceiver Building Blocks 162
4.2 Receiver Sensitivity 164
4.3 Adjacent and Alternate Channel-Jamming Resistance Tests 165
4.4 The Modulation and Spreading Methods for 2.4 GHz Operation 167
4.5 Modulation and Spreading Methods for 868/915 MHz Operation 175
4.6 Transmitter Output Power 180
4.6.1 Power Spectral Density Limits 181
4.6.2 Transmit Power Adjustment 181
4.7 Error Vector Magnitude 182
4.8 Symbol Timing 183
4.9 Frequency Offset Tolerance 183
4.10 Turnaround Time 183
4.11 Crystal Selection Considerations 184
4.11.1 Safety Factor 186
4.11.2 Drive Level 187
4.11.3 Series versus Parallel Resonant Crystals 188
4.11.4 Crystal Frequency Tolerance 188
4.11.5 Crystal Aging 188
4.11.6 Crystal Pullability 188
4.11.7 Crystal Overtones 189
4.12 Analog-to-Digital Converters 190
References 194
Chapter 5 RF Propagation, Antennas, and Regulatory Requirements 196
5.1 Path Loss 196
5.2 Signal Wavelength 199
5.3 Signal Penetration 199
5.4 Reflection, Scattering, and Diffraction 201
5.5 Multipath Environment 202
5.5.1 Multipath-Induced Additional Random Phase 204
5.5.2 Multipath Null 204
5.5.3 Fading Channel and Fade Margin 205
5.5.4 Effect of Frequency Channel on Multipath Performance 205
5.5.5 Effect of Signal Spreading on Multipath Performance 205
5.5.6 Mesh Networking to Improve Multipath Performance 206
5.6 Doppler Frequency Shift 206
5.7 Site Survey 208
5.8 Range Estimation 209
5.8.1 Range Improvement Techniques 209
5.9 Antenna Selection Considerations 212
5.9.1 Antenna Gain 213
5.9.2 Antenna Radiation Pattern Graphs 214
5.9.3 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 215
5.9.4 Antenna Impedance 215
5.9.5 Power Transfer Efficiency 216
5.9.6 Antenna Tuning 218
5.9.7 Antenna Polarization 218
5.9.8 Antenna Options 219
5.10 Regulatory Requirements 225
5.10.1 Brief Overview of FCC Regulations 226
5.10.2 FCC Certification of Compliance 227
5.10.3 Brief Overview of European Regulations 228
5.10.4 CE Conformity Marking 228
5.10.5 Brief Overview of Japanese Regulations 229
5.10.6 Japan's Conformity Certification System 230
References 230
Chapter 6 Battery Life Analysis 232
6.1 Battery Discharge Characteristics 232
6.2 A Simple Battery Life Calculation Method 233
6.3 Battery Monitoring 235
6.4 Power Reduction Methods 236
6.4.1 Hardware-Level Considerations 236
6.4.2 Network Operation Efficiency 239
6.4.3 Energy-Efficient Routing 241
6.5 Buck Converters 247
References 248
Chapter 7 Location Estimation Methods 250
7.1 Introduction 250
7.2 Received Signal Strength-Based Locationing Algorithms 254
7.2.1 RSSI-Based Location Estimation Using Trilateration 255
7.2.2 Sources of Error in RSSI-Based Location Estimation 258
7.2.3 Location Estimation Based on Location Fingerprinting 260
7.2.4 Cooperative Location Estimation 266
7.3 Angle-of-Arrival-Based Algorithms 267
7.4 Time-Based Algorithms (ToA and TDoA) 268
7.5 The Computational Complexity 270
References 271
Chapter 8 ZigBee Coexistence 272
8.1 Introduction 272
8.2 ZigBee Noncollaborative Coexistence Mechanisms 274
8.2.1 CSMA/CA Channel Access 275
8.2.2 Extremely Low Duty Cycle 275
8.2.3 Signal Spreading 275
8.2.4 Dynamic RF Output Power Selection 276
8.2.5 Mesh Networking and Location-Aware Routing 276
8.2.6 Adjacent and Alternate Channel Performance 277
8.2.7 Frequency Channel Selection 277
8.2.8 Adaptive Packet Length Selection 277
8.3 Coexistence with IEEE 802.11b/g 277
8.4 Coexistence with Bluetooth 281
8.5 Coexistence with Microwave Ovens 282
8.6 Coexistence with Cordless Phones 283
References 284
Chapter 9 Related Technologies 286
9.1 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 (6LoWPAN) 286
9.2 WirelessHART 288
9.3 Z-wave 290
9.4 Ultra-Low-Power Bluetooth (Wibree) 291
9.5 TinyOS 292
References 293
Appendix A: PSSS Code Tables 294
A.1 PSSS Code Tables 294
Appendix B: ZigBee Device Profile Services 298
Appendix C: DSSS Symbol-to-Chip Mapping Tables 308
Appendix D: ZigBee-Pro/2007 310
D.1 Frequency Agility 311
D.2 Address Allocation 311
D.3 Security 311
D.4 Routing 312
D.5 Fragmentation and Reassembly 314
References 314
Appendix E: Transceiver Building Blocks 316
E.1 Introduction 316
E.2 Receiver Chain Building Blocks 316
E.2.1 LNA 318
E.2.2 Mixer 319
E.2.3 Base-Band Filter and AGC 320
E.2.4 DC Offset Correction 322
E.2.5 Analog to Digital Converter 325
E.2.6 Receiver Digital Baseband 325
E.3 Transmitter Chain Building Blocks 326
E.3.1 PSM 326
E.3.2 PA 329
E.4 Frequency Generation 332
E.5 Power Management 340
E.6 Microcontrollers 342
E.6.1 ARM 343
E.6.2 HC(S)08 343
E.6.3 8051 343
E.7 Interfaces 344
E.7.1 SPI 344
E.7.2 I[sup(2)]S 345
E.7.3 JTAG Boundary Scan Interface 345
E.7.4 Nexus 346
E.8 Packaging 346
E.8.1 QFP and QFN Packages 347
E.8.2 BGA and LGA Packages 348
References 349
Glossary 350
A 350
B 350
C 350
D 351
E 350
F 351
I 351
K 351
L 351
M 351
N 351
O 351
P 351
R 351
S 352
T 352
Z 352
Index 354
A 354
B 354
C 355
D 356
E 356
F 356
G 357
H 357
I 357
J 357
K 358
L 358
M 358
N 359
O 360
P 360
Q 361
R 361
S 361
T 362
U 363
V 363
W 363
Z 363

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 8.4.2011
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-055847-X / 008055847X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-055847-9 / 9780080558479