Introduction to Physics and Chemistry of Combustion (eBook)

Explosion, Flame, Detonation

Michael A. Liberman (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2008
XVI, 349 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-78759-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Most of the material covered in this book deals with the fundamentals of chemistry and physics of key processes and fundamental mechanisms for various combustion and combustion related phenomena in gaseous combustible mixture. It provides the reader with basic knowledge of burning processes and mechanisms of reaction wave propagation. The combustion of a gas mixture (flame, explosion, detonation) is necessarily accompanied by motion of the gas. The process of combustion is therefore not only a chemical phenomenon but also one of gas dynamics.

The material selection focuses on the gas phase and with premixed gas combustion. Premixed gas combustion is of practical importance in engines, modern gas turbine and explosions, where the fuel and air are essentially premixed, and combustion occurs by the propagation of a front separating unburned mixture from fully burned mixture. Since premixed combustion is the most fundamental and potential for practical applications, the emphasis in the present work is be placed on regimes of premixed combustion.

This text is intended for graduate students of different specialties, including physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, computer science, mathematics and astrophysics.

Inhalt

Contents 5
Preface 9
Sources and Use of Energy 12
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 15
1.1 The Entropy 15
1.2 Work and Quantity of Heat: First Law of Thermodynamics 18
1.3 Temperature 21
1.4 Pressure 23
1.5 The Free Energy and the Thermodynamic Potentials 26
1.6 The Enthalpy 27
1.7 The Nernst’s Theorem 28
1.8 Carnot’s Cycle and Carnot’s Theorem 30
1.9 Le Chatelier Principle 32
1.10 Dependence of the Thermodynamic Quantities on the Number of Particles 32
1.11 Ideal Gases 35
1.12 Ideal Gases with Constant Specific Heat: Equation of Poisson Adiabatic 36
Problems 39
Chemical Thermodynamics 41
2.1 Introduction and Definitions 41
2.2 Properties of Substances 44
2.3 Heats of Reactions and Formation 46
2.4 Origin of the Combustion Heat Molecular Bonds
2.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 54
2.6 The Equilibrium Constant 57
2.7 Chemical Equilibrium and Adiabatic Flame Temperature 60
Problems 64
Combustion Chemistry 66
3.1 Chemical Reactions 66
3.2 Non-branching Chain Reaction: The Hydrogen Chlorine 72
3.3 Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion 76
3.4 Chain-Branching Reactions: Explosions 78
3.5 Hydrogen-Oxygen Reactions: Explosion Limits 79
Problems 84
Self-Accelerating Reactions, Explosions 86
4.1 Self-Accelerating Reactions 86
4.2 Thermal Self-Ignition 89
4.3 The Frank-Kamenetskii Transformation 92
4.4 Semenov’s Theory of Thermal Explosions 94
4.5 Critical Conditions for a Thermal Explosion 97
4.6 Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy 98
Problems 100
Velocity and Temperature of Laminar Flames 101
5.1 Reaction Waves Propagation Through a Combustible Mixture 101
5.2 Velocity and Thickness of Laminar Flames 103
5.3 Temperature and Concentration Distributions in Flames 109
5.4 Normal Velocity of Flame Propagation. Zel’dovich - Frank-Kamentskii Theory 113
5.5 Consequences of the Formula for Normal Flame Velocity 118
Problems 119
Introduction to Hydrodynamics of Ideal Fluids 120
6.1 The Fluid Dynamics 120
6.2 The Equation of Continuity 122
6.3 The Euler Equation 124
6.4 Conservation of Energy 127
6.5 The Equation of State 131
6.6 Hydrostatics 134
6.7 A Stationary Flow. The Bernoulli Equation 137
6.8 The Conservation of Velocity Circulation 140
6.9 Potential Flow 142
6.10 Linear Waves and Instabilities 145
6.11 The Gravity Waves 148
6.12 The Rayleigh-Taylor Instability 152
6.13 Sound Waves 154
6.14 One-Dimensional Traveling Waves 159
6.15 Flow in a Pipe Ahead of the Moving Piston 163
Problems 165
Energy Dissipation in Gases and Liquids 167
7.1 Viscous Fluids 167
7.2 Energy Dissipation in Viscous Fluids 169
7.3 Thermal Conduction 171
7.3.1 The Equation of Thermal Conduction 171
7.3.2 Thermal Conduction in an Incompressible Fluid 173
7.3.3 Heat Propagation 175
7.4 Stationary Flow of Incompressible Viscous Fluid 178
7.4.1 Flow of Viscous Incompressible Fluid in a Duct 178
7.4.2 The Poiseuille Flow 180
7.4.3 A Stationary Viscous Flow in a Cylindrical Tube 183
7.5 Dimensional Analysis: The Law of Similarity 185
7.6 Flow with Small Reynolds Numbers 188
7.7 Turbulence: Stability of Steady Viscous Flow 189
7.7.1 Instability of Steady Flow at Large Reynolds Numbers 191
7.7.2 Fully Developed Turbulence: Kolmogorov Theory 194
7.7.3 The Velocity Correlation Function 197
7.8 Boundary Layer 200
Problems 206
Detonation and Shock Waves 207
8.1 Surfaces of Discontinuity 207
8.2 The Shock Adiabatic 209
8.3 Detonation Adiabatic 212
8.4 Velocity of Detonation Wave 216
8.5 The Chapman-Jouguet Detonation 217
8.6 The Propagation of a Detonation Wave 219
8.7 Strong Explosion in Homogenous Atmosphere 220
Problems 223
Hydrodynamics of Propagating Flame 225
9.1 Complete System of Equations for Propagating Flame 225
9.2 Isobaric Approximation 226
9.3 Theory of Planar Flames 229
9.4 The Model of a Discontinuous Flame Front 232
9.5 The Darrieus-Landau Instability of a Thin Flame Front 234
9.6 The Linear Theory of Instability of the Thin Flame Front 238
9.7 Thermal Stabilization of the DL Instability 241
9.8 Flame Instability in a Gravitational Field 247
9.9 Thermal-Diffusive Instability 251
9.10 Nonlinear Stabilization of the Flame Instability 253
9.11 Curved Stationary Flames in Tube 254
9.12 Nonlinear Equation for Stationary Flames 255
9.13 Stability Limits of a Curved Stationary Flame in Tubes 260
9.14 Spherically Expanding Flames 264
9.15 Flame in a Gravitational Field: Theory of Rising Bubbles 268
9.16 Flame in Horizontal and Vertical Tubes 271
9.17 Flame in a Closed Burning Chamber 275
9.18 Flame Quenching and Flammability Limits 277
Problems 279
Regimes of Premixed Flames 281
10.1 Combustion Waves in Laminar Flow 281
10.2 Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion 285
10.3 Velocity of Turbulent Flame 289
10.4 Spontaneous Reaction in Nonuniform Combustible Mixture 291
10.5 The Deflagration to Detonation Transition 293
10.6 Mechanism of Deflagration to Detonation Transition 303
10.7 Formation a Preheat Zone and Deflagration to Detonation Transition 312
10.8 Thermonuclear Burning of the Stars: White Dwarfs 319
10.9 Burning Ignition and Transition to Detonation in White Dwarfs 322
Problems 327
Internal Combustion Engines 329
11.1 Spark Ignition Engine (Otto-Engine) 330
11.2 Engine Operating Cycles 333
11.3 Diesel Cycle 337
11.4 Knock in SI-Engines 340
Combustion and Environmental Concerns 345
12.1 Formation of Hydrocarbons and Soot 345
12.2 Processes of Particulate and Soot Formation 347
12.3 NOx Formation and Reduction 349
Conversion Formulas and Constants 352
Fundamental Constants 352
Density, Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity 353
Useful Formulas of Vector Analysis 354
Cylindrical Coordinates 355
Spherical Coordinates 355
Equations of Fluid Mechanics in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems 357
Cylindrical Coordinates 357
Spherical Coordinates 358
Index 359

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.3.2010
• Zusatzinfo: XVI, 349 p. 136 illus.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Statistik
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Wahrscheinlichkeit / Kombinatorik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: air pollution and air quality • Chemistry • Combustion • Detonation • Dissipation • Physics • Temperature • thermodynamics
• ISBN-10: 3-540-78759-3 / 3540787593
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-78759-4 / 9783540787594