Dharma Sutras (eBook)

Anonymous (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2018
308 Seiten
Seltzer Books (Verlag)
978-1-4554-2884-7 (ISBN)

Infos

According to Wikipedia: 'The Dharmasutras are Sanskrit texts dealing with custom, rituals and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later Dharmashastra, the dharmasutras are composed in prose. The oldest Dharmasutra is generally believed to have been that of Apastamba, followed by the dharmasutras of Gautama, Baudhayana, and an early version of Vasishtha. It is difficult to determine exact dates for these texts, but the dates between 500-300 BCE have been suggested for the oldest Dharmasutras.'

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According to Wikipedia: "e;The Dharmasutras are Sanskrit texts dealing with custom, rituals and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later Dharmashastra, the dharmasutras are composed in prose. The oldest Dharmasutra is generally believed to have been that of Apastamba, followed by the dharmasutras of Gautama, Baudhayana, and an early version of Vasishtha. It is difficult to determine exact dates for these texts, but the dates between 500-300 BCE have been suggested for the oldest Dharmasutras."e;

Textauszug

ÂPASTAMBA PRASNA I, PATALA 5, KHANDA 16.ÂPASTAMBA PRASNA I, PATALA 5, KHANDA 16.

 

1. He shall not drink water standing or bent forwards. 2. Sitting he shall sip water (for purification) thrice, the water penetrating  to his heart. [16. 1. Haradatta takes âkam here to mean 'to drink water,' and thinks that it  is forbidden to do this standing or in a bent position. Others refer the  prohibition to 'sipping water for the sake of purification,' and translate, 'He  shall not sip water standing or in a bent position (except in case of  necessity),' i.e. if the bank of the river is so high that he cannot reach the  water sitting down, and in this case he shall enter it up to his thighs or up to  his navel. 2. Manu II, 60 and 62; V, 139; and Yâgñ. I, 20 and 27; Weber. Ind. Stud. X, 165.  Haradatta observes, that the further particulars regarding purification by  sipping water must be supplied frorn other Smritis. The rule quoted by him is as  follows: 'The perforiner should be sitting in a pure place, not on a seat,  except when sipping water after dinner, and should sip thrice from his hand  water which is free from bubbles and foam, and which he has attentively  regarded, in such a quantity as would cover a Mâsha-bean. The water sipped by a  Brahman should reach his heart, that sipped by a Kshatriya the throat, and that  sipped by a Vaisya the palate. A Sûdra sips once as much as to wet his tongue.'] 3. He shall wipe his lips three times. 4. Some (declare, that he shall do so) twice. 5. He shall then touch (his lips) once (with the three middle fingers). 6. Some (declare, that he shall do so) twice. 7. Having sprinkled water on his left hand with his right, he shall touch both  his feet, and his head and (the following three) organs, the eyes, the nose, and  the ears. 8. Then he shall wash (his hands). 9. But if he is going to eat he shall, though pure, twice sip water, twice wipe  (his mouth), and once touch (his lips). 10. He shall rub the gums and the inner part of his lips (with his finger or  with a piece of wood) and then sip water. 11. He does not become impure by the hair (of his moustaches) getting into his  mouth, as long as he does not touch them with his hand. 12. If (in talking), drops (of saliva) are perceived to fall from his mouth,  then he shall sip water. 13. Some declare, that if (the saliva falls) on the ground, he need not sip  water. [7. The eyes are to be touched with the thumb and the fourth finger, either at  once, or one after the other, the nostrils with the thumb and the second finger,  the ears with the thumb and the small finger. 9. Manu V, 138. 11. Haradatta observes that this Sûtra shows, that every other foreign substance  brought with the food into the mouth, makes the food 'leavings' and the eater  impure. Manu V, 141. 12. Manu V, 141 declares sipping to be unnecessary in this case.] 14. On touching during sleep or in sternutation the effluvia of the nose or of  the eyes, on touching blood, hair, fire, kine, a Brâhmana, or a woman, and after  having walked on the high road, and after having touched an (thing orman), and  after having put on his lower garment, he shall either bathe or sip or merely  touch water (untlil he considers himself clean). 15. (Or he may touch) moist cowdung, wet herbs, or moist earth. 16. He shall not eat meat which lias been cut with a sword (or knife) used for  killing. 17. He shall not bite off with his teeth (pieces from) cakes (roots or fruits). 18. He shall not eat in the house of a (relation within six degrees) where a  person has died, before the ten days (of impurity) have elapsed. 19. (Nor shall he eat in a house) where a lying-in woman has not (yet) come out  (of the lying-in chamber), 20. (Nor in a house) where a corpse lies. [14. Manu V, 145. 18. The term "ten days" is used in order to indicate the time of impurity  generally. In some cases, as that of a Kshatriya, this lasts longer. In other  cases, where the impurity lasts thirty-six hours only, (the abstention from  dining in such houses is shorter.)'--Haradatta. Manu IV, 217. 19. A lying-in woman is impure, and must not be touched during the first ten  days after her confinement. During this time, she exclusively occupies the  Sikâgriha, or lying-in chamber. Manu IV, 217. 20. Haradatta remarks that in the case of the death of a person who is not a  relation, it is customary to place at the distance of 'one hundred bows' a lamp  and water-vessel, and to eat (beyond that distance).] 21. Food touched by a (Brâhmana or other high-caste person) who is impure,  becomes impure, but not unfit for eating. 22. But what has been brought (be it touched or not) by an impure Sûdra, must  not be eaten, 23. Nor that food in which there is a hair, 24. Or any other unclean substance. 25. (Nor must that food be eaten) which has been touched with an unclean  substance (such as garlic), 26. Nor (that in which) an insect living on impure substances (is found), 27. Nor (that in which) excrements or limbs of a mouse (are found), 28. Nor that which has been touched by the foot (even of a pure person), 29. Nor what has been (touched) with the hem of a garment, 30. Nor that which has been looked at by a dog or an Apapâtra, [21. 'Food which is simply impure, may be purified by putting it on the fire,  sprinkling it with water, touching it with ashes or earth, and praising  it.'--Haradatta. 22. Others say, that the food becomes unfit for eating, only, if in bringing it,  the Sûdra has touched it.--Haradatta. 23. Manu IV, 207; Yâgñ. I, 167. 'But this rule holds good only if the hair had  been cooked with the food. If a hair falls into it at dinner, then it is to be  purified by an addition of clarified butter, and may be eaten.'--Haradatta. 24. Haradatta quotes a passage from Baudhâyana, which enumerates as 'unclean  things' here intended, 'hair, worms or beetles, nail-parings, excrements of  rats.' The rule must be understood as the preceding, i.e. in case these things  have been cooked with the food. 26. Manu IV, 207: Yâgñ. I, 167, 168. This Sûtra must be read with Sûtra 23  above. 30. Manu IV, 208; Yâgñ. I, 167. Apapâtras are persons whom one must not allow to  eat from one's dishes, e.g. Kandâlas, Patitas, a woman in her courses or during  the ten days of impurity after confinement. See also above, I, 1, 3, 25.] 31. Nor what has been brought in the hem of a garment, (even though the garment  may be clean), 32. Nor what has been brought at night by a female slave. 33. If during his meal, [32. Haradatta thinks, that as the Sûtra has the feminine gender, dâsî, it does  not matter if a male slave brings the food. But others forbid also this.]

 

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ÂPASTAMBA PRASNA I, PATALA 5, KHANDA 17.ÂPASTAMBA PRASNA I, PATALA 5, KHANDA 17.

 

1. A Sûdra touches him, (then he shall leave off eating). 2. Nor shall he eat sitting in the same row with unworthy people. 3. Nor shall he eat (sitting in the same row with persons) amongst whom one,  whilst they eat, rises and gives his leavings to his pupils or sips water; 4. Nor (shall he eat) where they give him food, reviling him. [17. 1. 'Some say, that this Sûtra indicates that the touch of a Sûdra does not  defile at any other time but at dinner, whilst others hold that a Sûdra's touch  defiles always, and that the Sûtra is intended to indicate an excess of  impurity, if it happens at dinnertime.'--Haradatta. 2. 'Unworthy people are those who are neither of good family, nor possess  learning and virtue.'--Haradatta. 3. According to Haradatta a person who misbehaves thus, is called 'a  dinner-thorn.' This point of etiquette is strictly observed in our days also.  Manu IV, 2 12. 4. Manu IV, 212; Yâgñ. I, 167] 5. Nor (shall he eat) what has been smelt at by men or other (beings, as cats). 6. He shall not eat in a ship, 7. Nor on a wooden platform. 8. He may eat sitting on ground which has been purified (by the application of  cowdung and the like). 9. (If he eats) out of an earthen vessel, he shall eat out of one that has not  been used (for cooking). 10. (If he can get) a used vessel (only, he shall eat from it), after having  heated it thoroughly. 11. A vessel made of metal becomes pure by being scoured with ashes and the  like. 12. A wooden vessel becomes pure by being scraped. 13. At a sacrifice (the vessels must be cleaned) according to the precepts of  the Veda. 14. He shall not eat food which has been bought or obtained ready-prepared in  the market. 15. Nor (shall he eat) flavoured food (bought in the market) excepting raw meat,  honey, and salt. 16. Oil and clarified butter (bought in the market) he may use, after having  sprinkled them with water. 17. Prepared food which has stood for a night, must neither be caten nor drunk. [5. 'As the text has avaghâta, "smelt at," it does not matter if they smell the  food from a distance.'--Haradatta. 11. 'It must be understood from other Smritis, that brass is to be cleaned with  ashes, copper with acids, silver with cowdung, and gold with water.'--Haradatta.  Manu V, I 14. 12. Manu V, 115. 16. 'Having sprinkled them with water and purified them by boiling; or,  according to others, mixing them with so much water as will not spoil  them.'--Haradatta. 17. The Sanskrit has two terms for 'eating;' the first 'khâd' applies to hard  substances, the second 'ad' to soft suubstances. Manu I, V, 211; Yâgñ. I, 16 7.] 18. Nor (should prepared food) that has turned sour (be used in...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.3.2018
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Religion / Theologie ► Hinduismus
• ISBN-10: 1-4554-2884-1 / 1455428841
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4554-2884-7 / 9781455428847