Technology Transfer and Change in the Arab World (eBook)

The Proceedings of a Seminar of the United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia organized by the Natural Resources, Science and Technology Division, Beirut, 9-14 October 1977

A. B. Zahlan (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
524 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-8831-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Technology Transfer and Change in the Arab World covers the proceedings of the Seminar of the United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia. The book presents 24 papers that cover concerns in technology transfer in the Arab world. The coverage of the book includes established patterns of technology acquisition in the Arab world; possible mechanisms for the transfer and development of technology; and the transfer of technology and investment policy design. The selection also presents articles that cover resource related technology such as water science and technology in the Middle East since 1945; induced adjustment and the role of agriculture in economic development; and prospects and scope for solar energy. The book will be of great interest to individuals concerned with the technological development in the Middle East.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Technology Transfer and Change in the Arab World 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Foreword 12
Participants 14
Chapter 1. Established Patterns of Technology Acquisitionin the Arab World 20
TRADE AND ITS TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT : SOME EXAMPLES 20
PATTERNS OF TECHNICAL CHANGE: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 23
TECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION IN THE PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL FIELDS 34
CONCLUSION 36
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 37
NOTES 37
DISCUSSION 40
Chapter 2. The Role of Science and Technology Policy inTechnological Change in Developing Countries 48
INTRODUCTION 48
SOCIAL AWARENESS 48
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT 50
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY 51
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 52
THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM (STS) 52
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 53
RESEARCH FORMULA 56
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PLANNING 57
TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY 61
SCIENCE POLICY STUDIES 63
REFERENCES 64
DISCUSSION 65
Chapter 3. The Status of Science and Technology in the Western Asia Region 70
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY (2) PROCESSES IN THE WESTERN ASIA REGION 70
THE STATUS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY FORMULATION AND PLANNING IN THE ECWA REGION 79
THE AVAILABILITY OF SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER, FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND R & D INSTITUTIONS IN THE WESTERN ASIA REGION
REGIONAL COOPERATIVE EFFORTS IN THE PROMOTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WESTERN ASIA REGION 92
DISCUSSION 112
Chapter 4. Finance and Technology Transfer 114
FINANCING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 114
DEBTS, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROBLEMS AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 117
COST OF REVERSE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY 122
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFLATION 122
FINANCE AND DECISION MAKING IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 124
FINANCE TO BUILD A LOCAL TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITY 125
CONCLUSION 126
NOTES 127
DISCUSSION 130
Chapter 5. Possible Mechanisms for the Transfer and Development of Technology 134
INTRODUCTION 134
SELECTED INDICATORS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE OF COUNTRIES OF THE ARAB WORLD 134
CONSEQUENCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE 135
POSSIBLE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY 138
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 141
NOTES 141
DISCUSSION 143
Chapter 6. An Approach to the Generation of Technologies Appropriate for Rural Development 146
THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 146
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASSICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 147
A NEW APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 148
GENERATION OF TECHNOLOGY BY THE THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES 155
THE ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSED APPROACH 158
NOTES 160
DISCUSSION 161
Chapter 7. The 1976 CASTARAB Rabat Meeting: A Review 168
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 168
CASTARAB 170
ONE YEAR AFTER CASTARAB 173
NOTES 176
APPENDIX 1 THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF CASTARAB 178
APPENDIX 2 ANALYSIS OF ALECSO PROVISIONAL PROGRAMME 181
Chapter 8. Science and Technology in the United Nations System 182
INTRODUCTION 182
OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CHANGE 183
ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CHANGE 185
POTENTIALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR FURTHER ACTION 187
DISCUSSION 190
Chapter 9. International Sub-contracting and Transfer of Technology to LDC's 192
INTRODUCTION 192
TYPOLOGY: FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL SUB-CONTRACTING 193
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL SUB-CONTRACTING: A PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY PROBLEMS 194
SOME SUMMARY FINDINGS ON INTERNATIONAL SUB-CONTRACTING IN TUNISIA 197
POLICIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SUB-CONTRACTING 201
NOTES 202
DISCUSSION 202
Chapter 10. Values, Social Organization and Technology Change in the Arab World 204
THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION 204
THE COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK 206
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS 208
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 216
NOTES 216
DISCUSSION 218
Chapter 11. Impact of Technical Change on the Structure of the Labour Force in the ECWA Region 224
INTRODUCTION 224
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 232
NOTES 237
DISCUSSION 238
Chapter 12. Water Science and Technology in the Middle East Since 1945 242
THE MANY ASPECTS OF WATER SCIENCE 243
CONCLUSIONS 252
REFERENCES 253
Chapter 13. Agricultural Water Use 256
INTRODUCTION 256
ROLES FOR WATER IN AGRICULTURE 257
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE USE OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE 259
PRODUCTION RELATIONSHIPS 260
IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY FOR CROPS 264
REFORM OF PLANNING PROCEDURES 271
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 272
APPENDIX 274
NOTES 276
REFERENCES 279
DISCUSSION 283
Chapter 14. Satellite Remote Sensing for Basin Development and Monitoring 290
INTRODUCTION 290
BASIC BIO-PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING 291
SATELLITE SENSING SYSTEMS 293
FUTURE SATELLITE SENSING PROGRAMMES 293
MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING 297
PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 297
NON-PHOTOGRAPHIC AIRBORNE TECHNIQUES 298
FAO CASE STUDIES RELEVANT TO BASIN DEVELOPMENT AND MONITORING 299
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 307
REFERENCES 308
DISCUSSION 309
Chapter 15. Induced Adjustment and the Role of Agriculture in Economic Development: A Case Study of Egypt and Syria 312
INTRODUCTION 312
THE THEORY OF INDUCED INNOVATION 313
THE INDUCED ADJUSTMENT HYPOTHESIS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN, 1880-1960 315
THE INDUCED ADJUSTMENT HYPOTHESIS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF EGYPT AND SYRIA, 1950-1974 321
CONCLUDING REMARKS 328
NOTES 330
REFERENCES 331
DISCUSSION 332
Chapter 16. The Role of Low-Cost Technology for Increasing Agricultural Productivity in the ECWA Region 336
FOREWORD 336
AN OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY 336
ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY 338
MEANING AND DIMENSIONS OF LOW-COST TECHNOLOGIES 339
PROSPECTS OF LOW-COST TECHNOLOGIES 340
NOTES 341
Chapter 17. The Transfer of Technology and Investment Policy Design: A Case Study in Rural Poverty 344
DISCUSSION 349
Chapter 18. Transportation Bottlenecks, Planning and Technology Transfer 352
THE SOCIETAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NATURE OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 352
BALKANIZED TRANSPORT SYSTEM 352
TRANSPORT SUBSISTENCE LAW 353
ALTERNATIVES FOR THE FUTURE 355
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR SKILLS 357
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 359
NOTES 360
DISCUSSION 360
Chapter 19. Desalination Application in Western Asia 362
MEMBRANES 363
MEMBRANE EQUIPMENT 366
PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS 370
RO MEMBRANE MODULES AND ED STACKS 370
PRETREATMENT 370
LOW-PRESSURE RO MEMBRANES 377
DRY RO MEMBRANES 377
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR SEA WATER CONVERSION 378
MEMBRANE PROCESSES DESALTING COSTS 378
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 379
ADAPTATION TO WESTERN ASIA 379
USE OF SOLAR ENERGY 379
WIND ENERGY 380
CONCLUSIONS 384
NOTES 385
DISCUSSION 386
Chapter 20. Development of Industrial Technology Transfer Through Specialized Centres: A Case Study and Critical Analysis 388
INTRODUCTION 388
THE ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (EIDDC) 389
PRESENT STATUS AND POLICIES 391
PREREQUISITES FOR SUCCESS 394
SOME RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE CENTRE 397
REGIONAL ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT 399
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE EIDDC RECORD 400
NOTES 400
DISCUSSION 401
Chapter 21. Appropriate Technology, Employment and Basic Needs in Arab Countries with Special Reference to the Food Industries 404
APPENDIX 414
NOTES 414
DISCUSSION 415
Chapter 22. Prospects and Scope for Solar Energy 420
LONG-TERM ENERGY SOURCES 420
SOLAR RADIATION 421
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY: INTRODUCTION 423
LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT 423
HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT 436
SUMMARY 446
DISCUSSION 449
Chapter 23. Impediments to the Technological Development of the Petroleum and Mineral Resources Sector in the Arab World 452
INTRODUCTION 452
TRENDS IN THE OIL INDUSTRIES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 452
RESIDUALS OF THE PAST 453
LOCAL TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT 454
THE PROCESS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 457
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES IN DEVELOPING SOME ASPECTS OF OIL AND MINERAL RESOURCES INDUSTRIES IN SYRIA 459
THE RADICAL CHANGES 461
CONCLUSION 464
NOTES 466
DISCUSSION 468
Chapter 24. Transfer of Technology in the Arab Steel Industry 470
STEEL INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 471
FUTURE DEMAND OF STEEL IN INDIVIDUAL ARAB STATES 476
A HISTORY OF THE ARAB IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 478
TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS IN THE ARAB STEEL INDUSTRY 483
POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 487
NOTES 488
DISCUSSION 488
Index of Contributors 490
Subject Index 492

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geschichte ► Teilgebiete der Geschichte ► Technikgeschichte
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-8831-0 / 1483188310
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-8831-7 / 9781483188317