Women, Migration, and Conflict (eBook)
XVIII, 253 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-2825-9 (ISBN)
An estimated 35 million people worldwide are displaced by conflict, and most of them are women and children. During their time away from their homes and communities, these women and their children are subjected to a horrifying array of misfortune, including privations of every kind, sexual assaults, disease, imprisonment, unwanted pregnancies, severe psychological trauma, and, upon return or resettlement, social disapproval and isolation.
Written by the world's leading scholars and practitioners, this unique collection brings these problems - and potential solutions - into sharp focus. Based on extensive field research and a broad knowledge of other studies of the challenges facing women who are forced from their homes and homelands by conflict, this book offers in-depth understanding and problem-solving ideas. Derived from a project to advise U.N. agencies, it speaks to a broad array of students, scholars, NGOs, policymakers, government officials, and international organizations.
Susan Forbes Martin, Editor, is Donald G. Herzberg Associate Professor of International Migration and Executive Director of the Institute for the Study of International Migration in the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, and longtime consultant to many agencies on migration issues.
John Tirman, Editor, is Executive Director of the Center for International Studies at MIT, where he is also Principal Research Scientist. He is on the steering group of the Inter-University Committee on International Migration.
An estimated 35 million people worldwide are displaced by conflict, and most of them are women and children. During their time away from their homes and communities, these women and their children are subjected to a horrifying array of misfortune, including privations of every kind, sexual assaults, disease, imprisonment, unwanted pregnancies, severe psychological trauma, and, upon return or resettlement, social disapproval and isolation.Written by the world s leading scholars and practitioners, this unique collection brings these problems - and potential solutions - into sharp focus. Based on extensive field research and a broad knowledge of other studies of the challenges facing women who are forced from their homes and homelands by conflict, this book offers in-depth understanding and problem-solving ideas. Derived from a project to advise U.N. agencies, it speaks to a broad array of students, scholars, NGOs, policymakers, government officials, and international organizations.
Susan Forbes Martin, Editor, is Donald G. Herzberg Associate Professor of International Migration and Executive Director of the Institute for the Study of International Migration in the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, and longtime consultant to many agencies on migration issues. John Tirman, Editor, is Executive Director of the Center for International Studies at MIT, where he is also Principal Research Scientist. He is on the steering group of the Inter-University Committee on International Migration.
Preface 4
Notes 7
References 8
Acknowledgments 9
Contributors 12
Acronyms 14
Introduction 16
Overview 16
Legal Norms Regarding Forced Migrants 18
The Life Cycle of Forced Migration 20
Sectoral Concerns and Issues 22
Livelihoods 22
Health and Reproductive Health 24
Mental Health, Trauma and Resiliency 27
Gender and Sexual Based Violence 28
Shelter and Settlement 30
UNFPA's Role 31
Conclusions 33
Notes 36
References 36
Legal Aspects of Conflict-Induced Migration by Women 38
Introduction 38
Internal Displacement 40
Normative Framework 40
Institutional Framework 43
National Responses 44
Refugees 46
Factoring Gender into the Refugee Regime 47
The Definition of a Refugee 47
Protection Issues for Refugee Women in Countries of Asylum 49
Repatriation and Resettlement of Refugee Women 51
Trafficking 51
Trafficking and Conflict-Induced Migration 52
Conclusion and Recommendations 54
Chronic Displacement 55
Trafficking as a Protection Issue 55
Legal Literacy 55
Notes 57
References 58
Women, Conflict and Trafficking: Towards a Stronger Normative Framework for Protection 61
Introduction 61
Literature Review 62
Forms of Trafficking in Conflict 63
Abduction by Armed Forces for Sexual Enslavement and Forced Marriage 63
Forced Labor 64
Trafficking of Displaced Populations 65
Post-Conflict Trafficking 65
Legal Protection of Trafficked Persons 66
International Anti-Trafficking Law 66
International Refugee Law 68
Protection of Internally Displaced Persons 69
International Humanitarian Law 71
International Criminal Law 72
Conclusion 73
Notes 73
References 74
Forced Prostitution and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Among Women and Girls in Situations of Migration and Conflict: Review and Recommendations for Reproductive Health Care Personnel 76
Introduction 76
Definition, Scope, Perpetrators, and Reproductive Health Consequences of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Forced Prostitution 77
Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation 77
Forced Prostitution 77
Perpetrators of Trafficking and Forced Prostitution 78
Specific Vulnerabilities to Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Forced Prostitution in Migration and Conflict Settings 79
Gender-Specific Vulnerability Within Migration and Conflict Situations 80
Poverty 80
Changes to Familial Structure 81
Displacement 82
Sexual Assault, Military Abduction, and Sexual Enslavement-Related Vulnerabilities 82
Vulnerability Due to Political Factors 83
Political Instability 83
Neighboring Country Policies 83
Absence of Gender-Related Concerns in Post-Conflict Rebuilding Agendas 83
Reproductive and Sexual Health Consequences of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Forced Prostitution 84
Direct and Indirect Effects of Sexual Violence 84
Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS 85
Reproductive Ill Health 85
Unwanted Pregnancy and Pregnancy Loss 86
Mental Health 86
The Role of Reproductive Health Care Providers in Preventing and Responding to Trafficking and Forced Prostitution 86
Measures to Reduce the Risk of Sexual Exploitation 87
Emergency Phase 87
Stabilization/Repatriation 89
Identifying Women and Girls Who Are at Risk of, or Experiencing, Sexual Exploitation 90
Emergency and Post-Emergency Settings: Basics of Identification and Prevention 90
Integrating Screening and Support with Standard Reproductive Health Care 91
Screening in the Context of Standard Reproductive Health Care 92
Ongoing Screening and Support 92
Meeting the Needs of Women and Girls Who Have Experienced Sexual Exploitation 92
Meeting Needs in Emergency and Post Emergency Phases 93
Meeting Needs during Stabilization, Settlement, and Repatriation 94
Trauma Informed Care 94
Conclusion 95
References 95
Women, Work, and War 100
Introduction 100
Impact of Conflict and Displacement on Womens Livelihoods 102
Negative Coping Strategies 103
Challenges 104
Needs 109
Opportunities 110
Creative Interventions 113
Knowledge Gaps 115
Recommendations 116
Notes 117
References 117
Women, Migration, Conflict and Risk for HIV 120
Introduction 120
Overview of the Global HIV Epidemic Among Women: The Most Marginalized are at Greatest Risk 120
Sub-Saharan Africa 121
East, South and Southeast Asia 121
Eastern Europe and Central Asia 122
Oceania 122
The Caribbean 123
Latin America 123
North America and Western Europe 123
The Middle East and North Africa 124
Summary 124
Migration and Womens Risk for HIV 125
Forced Migration and Marginalized Women 125
Forced Migration and Higher Rates of HIV 126
Forced Migration, Conflict, and Womens Risk for HIV 128
Lack of Health Infrastructure 129
Use of Rape as a Weapon of War 129
Survival Sex and Sex Trafficking 130
Social Norms and Regulations Related to Sex are Lost in Situations of Chaos 131
High Rates of Intimate Partner Violence in Conflict-Affected Settings 131
Military Members, Including Peace Keepers, Increase STI/HIV Risk 132
Review Summary 132
Implications for Reproductive and Sexual Health Practice and Policy 133
Practice Implications 133
Policy Implications 135
Implications for Surveillance and Research 136
References 137
Barriers to Reproductive Health and Access to Other Medical Services in Situations of Conflict and Migration 142
Introduction 142
Background to the Field of Reproductive Health in Conflict 143
The Reality: Barriers Block Delivery and Use of Reproductive Health Care 145
Limited Availability and Quality of Reproductive Health Care as a Barrier to Care 146
Variable Demand for Reproductive Health Services as a Barrier to Care 149
Structure and History of the Humanitarian Field as a Barrier to Care 150
Global Policy and Funding Constraints as a Barrier to Care 151
Conclusion 153
Notes 154
References 154
Culturally Competent Responses to the Effects of Armed Conflict on the Well-Being of Refugee Women 157
Introduction 157
Vulnerability and Resilience 159
The Growing Prominence of Medicalized Trauma Programs 160
The Medical Model 161
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 162
Alternative Approaches to Address the Effects of Trauma 165
Indigenous Healing Strategies 166
The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Coping with Trauma 167
Human Rights and Truth and Reconciliation Approaches 169
Ethnography and Participatory Action Research 171
Psycho-Social Programs 172
Summary and Recommendations 174
References 175
Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration 184
Introduction 184
Rape as a Weapon of War 184
Legal Framework 186
Policy Analysis 187
Current understanding 187
Current Practice 190
Recommendations for Policy, Program, and Research 194
Policy 194
Program 195
Research 197
Appendix 1: Sexual Violence in Recent Conflicts Case Examples 198
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 198
Darfur 199
Sierra Leone 201
Rwanda 202
Appendix 2: Physical and Psycho-Social Consequences of Mass Rape 203
Physical Consequences 203
Psychosocial Consequences 204
Consequences for the Community 204
Appendix 3: Program Interventions for Sexual Assault in War 204
International Rescue Committee in Sierra Leone 205
Mèdecins Sans Frontières in South Africa and Burundi 205
International Rescue Committee in Darfur 205
Panzi Hospital in Democratic Republic of Congo 206
Various Initiatives in Darfur 206
International Rescue Committee on the Thai Burma Border 207
References 207
Gendering Space for Forcibly Displaced Women and Children: Concepts, Policies and Guidelines 211
Introduction 211
Topicality of the Study, Key Concepts and Policy Issues 212
Shelter and Housing in Forced Displacement -- Overview 212
The Shelter and Housing Sector: The Conceptual Problematic 213
The Housing Nexus 214
Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development 215
A rights-Based Approach to Shelter and Settlement 215
Shelter and Settlement Inteventions for Women and Families: Experiences, Policies, Practices and Options 216
Risk Factors 217
The Heart of Protection: The Policy of Providing Safe Places and Spaces 218
Shelter 219
Layout, Site Planning and Services 220
Infrastructure, Services and Facilities 220
Site Selection and Location 222
Communal Shelters 223
Land and Property Rights 223
Self-Settled and Urban Settled Populations 224
The Challenge of Return and Reconstruction 226
Participation, Empowerment and Governance 227
Conclusions 228
Notes 229
References 231
Addressing the Needs of Displaced Women in Conflict and Post-conflict Situations 238
Introduction 238
Challenges 239
Lack of Security 239
Impediments to Access 240
Data Collection 240
Long-Term Sustainability 240
Opportunities and Innovations 241
Women's Centers and/or Committees 241
New Ways to Address Mental Health 242
Increasing Men's Involvement 242
Multi-Sector Collaboration 243
Areas Where Opportunities and Challenges Coincide 243
The Legal Environment 243
Practical Tools 244
Conclusion 244
Notes 245
References 245
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 18.9.2009 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XVIII, 253 p. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Gynäkologie / Geburtshilfe | |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege | |
| Recht / Steuern ► Allgemeines / Lexika | |
| Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie ► Gender Studies | |
| Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie ► Spezielle Soziologien | |
| Schlagworte | Array of misfortune • conflict • Disease • Imprisonment • international • Isolation • maternal and child health • Migration • Policy • Privations of every kind • Psychological Trauma • resettlement • Sexual Assaults • Social Disapproval • Unwanted pregnancies • Women • Women's Studi • women's studies |
| ISBN-10 | 90-481-2825-0 / 9048128250 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-90-481-2825-9 / 9789048128259 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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