The Western Heritage
Pearson (Verlag)
978-0-205-70516-0 (ISBN)
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The Tenth Edition provides updated scholarship, expanded coverage of European imperialism prior to World War I, streamlined coverage of the period between the two World Wars, and a brand new feature—Compare & Connect—which presents students with two or more documents that reflect opposing viewpoints on a topic and engages them to become part of the historical discourse.
Donald Kagan is Sterling Professor of History and Classics at Yale University, where he has taught since 1969. He received the A.B. degree in history from Brooklyn College, the M.A. in classics from Brown University, and the Ph.D. in history from Ohio State University. During 1958–1959 he studied at the American School of Classical Studies as a Fulbright Scholar. He has received three awards for undergraduate teaching at Cornell and Yale. He is the author of a history of Greek political thought, The Great Dialogue (1965); a four-volume history of the Peloponnesian war, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1969); The Archidamian War (1974); The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981); The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987); a biography of Pericles, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (1991); On the Origins of War (1995); and The Peloponnesian War (2003). He is coauthor, with Frederick W. Kagan, of While America Sleeps (2000). With Brian Tierney and L. Pearce Williams, he is the editor of Great Issues in Western Civilization, a collection of readings. He was awarded the National Humanities Medal for 2002 and was chosen by the National Endowment for the Humanities to deliver the Jefferson Lecture in 2004. Steven Ozment is McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University. He has taught Western Civilization at Yale, Stanford, and Harvard. He is the author of eleven books. The Age of Reform, 1250—1550 (1980) won the Schaff Prize and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award. Five of his books have been selections of the History Book Club: Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in Sixteenth Century Europe (1986), Three Behaim Boys: Growing Up in Early Modern Germany (1990), Protestants: The Birth of A Revolution (1992), The Burgermeister’s Daughter: Scandal in a Sixteenth Century German Town (1996), and Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (1999). His most recent publications are Ancestors: The Loving Family of Old Europe (2001), A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People (2004), and “Why We Study Western Civ,” The Public Interest 158 (2005). Frank M. Turner is John Hay Whitney Professor of History at Yale University and Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, where he served as University Provost from 1988 to 1992. He received his B.A. degree at the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. from Yale. He has received the Yale College Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute. His scholarly research has received the support of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center. He is the author of Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974), The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981), which received the British Council Prize of the Conference on British Studies and the Yale Press Governors Award, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life (1993), and John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion (2002). He has also contributed numerous articles to journals and has served on the editorial advisory boards of The Journal of Modern History, Isis, and Victorian Studies. He edited The Idea of a University by John Henry Newman (1996), Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke (2003), and Apologia Pro Vita Sua and Six Sermons by John Henry Newman (2008). Between l996 and 2006 he served as a Trustee of Connecticut College and between 2004 and 2008 as a member of the Connecticut Humanities Council. In 2003, Professor Turner was appointed Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
CHAPTER 13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
Urban Prosperity
Economic Decline
Two Models of European Political Development
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
James I
Charles I
The Long Parliament and Civil War
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
The “Glorious Revolution”
The Age of Walpole
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
Years of Personal Rule
Versailles
King by Divine Right
Louis’s Early Wars
Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies
Louis’s Later Wars
Franceafter Louis XIV
Central and Eastern Europe
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority
The Habsburg Empire _and the Pragmatic Sanction
Prussiaand the Hohenzollerns
RussiaEnters the European Political Arena
The Romanor Dynasty
Peter the Great
The Ottoman Empire
Religious Toleration and Ottoman Government
The End of Ottoman Expansion
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Versailles
Compare & Connect: The Debate over the Origin and Character of Political Authority
Encountering the Past: Early Controversy over Tobacco and Smoking
CHAPTER 14 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Discoveries
Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws
Isaac Newton Discovers _the Laws of Gravitation
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Nature as Mechanism
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method
René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction
Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
The New Science and Religious Faith
The Case of Galileo
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith
The English Approach to Science and Religion
Continuing Superstition
Witch-Hunts and Panic
Who Were the Witches?
End of the Witch-Hunts
Baroque Art
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Sciences and the Arts
Compare & Connect: Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise
Encountering the Past: Midwives
CHAPTER 15 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime
Maintenance of Tradition
Hierarchy and Privilege
The Aristocracy
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege
Aristocratic Resurgence
The Land and Its Tillers
Peasants and Serfs
Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: the English Game Laws
Family Structures and the Family Economy
Households
The Family Economy
Women and the Family Economy
Children and the World of the Family Economy
The Revolution in Agriculture
New Crops and New Methods
Expansion of the Population
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
A Revolution in Consumption
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain
New Methods of Textile Production
The Steam Engine
Iron Production
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women
The Growth of Cities
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization
Urban Classes
The Urban Riot
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
In Perspective
A Closer Look: An Aristocratic Couple
Compare & Connect: Two Eighteenth-Century Writers Contemplate the Effects of Differ-ent Economic Structures
Encountering the Past: Water, Washing, and Bathing
CHAPTER 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
Periods of European Overseas Empires
Mercantile Empires
Mercantilist Goals
French–British Rivalry
The Spanish Colonial System
Colonial Government
Trade Regulation
Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
The African Presence in the Americas
Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
The Experience of Slavery
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
The War of Jenkins’s Ear
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
The American Revolution and Europe
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue
The Crisis and Independence
American Political Ideas
Events in Great Britain
Broader Impact of the American Revolution
In Perspective
A Closer Look: A Sugar Plantation in the West Indies
Compare & Connect: The Atlantic Passage
Encountering the Past: Sugar Enters the Western Diet
THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, DISEASE, ANIMALS, AND AGRICULTURE
PART 4: ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 17 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
Ideas of Newton and Locke
The Example of British Toleration and Political Stability
The Emergence of a Print Culture
The Philosophes
Voltaire—First among the Philosophes
The Enlightenment and Religion
Deism
Toleration
Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity
Jewish Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment
Islam in Enlightenment Thought
The Enlightenment and Society
The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress
Political Thought of the Philosophes
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws
Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society
Enlightened Critics of European Empires
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
Enlightened Absolutism
Frederickthe Great of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
The Partition of Poland
The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe
In Perspective
A Closer Look: An Eighteenth-Century Artist Appeals to the Ancient World
Compare & Connect: Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria Debate Toleration
Encountering the Past: Coffeehouses and Enlightenment
CHAPTER 18 The French Revolution
The Crisis of the French Monarchy
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes
Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables
Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General
The Revolution of 1789
The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly
Fall of the Bastille
The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles
The Reconstruction of France
Political Reorganization
Economic Policy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Counterrevolutionary Activity
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution
Emergence of the Jacobins
The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes
Europeat War with the Revolution
Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution
Suppression of Reform in Britain
The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795
The Reign of Terror
War with Europe
The Republic Defended
The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s Justification of Terror
Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
De-Christianization
Revolutionary Tribunals
The End of the Terror
The Thermidorian Reaction
Establishment of the Directory
Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Challenging the French Political Order
Compare & Connect: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Opens the Door for Disadvantaged Groups to Demands Equal Civic Rights
Encountering The Past: The Metric System
CHAPTER 19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Early Military Victories
The Constitution of the Year VIII
The Consulate in France (1799–1804)
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church
The Napoleonic Code
Establishing a Dynasty
Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
Conquering an Empire
The Continental System
European Response to the Empire
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform
The Wars of Liberation
The Invasion of Russia
European Coalition
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement
Territorial Adjustments
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance
The Romantic Movement
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason
Rousseau and Education
Kant and Reason
Romantic Literature
The English Romantic Writers
The German Romantic Writers
Romantic Art
The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism
Nature and the Sublime
Religion in the Romantic Period
Methodism
New Directions in Continental Religion
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
Herder and Culture
Hegel and History
Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Coronation of Napoleon
Compare & Connect: The Experience of War in the Napoleonic Age
Encountering the Past: Sailors and Canned Food
CHAPTER 20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815—1832)
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
The Emergence of Nationalism
Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism
Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
Conservative Outlooks
Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies
Postwar Repression in Great Britain
Bourbon Restoration in France
The Conservative International Order
The Congress System
The Spanish Revolution of 1820
Revolt against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans
The Wars of Independence in Latin America
Revolution in Haiti
Wars of Independence on the South American Continent
Independencein New Spain
Brazilian Independence
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
Russia: the Decembrist Revolt of 1825
Revolution in France (1830)
BelgiumBecomes Independent (1830)
The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)
In Perspective
A Closer Look: An English Poet Appears as an Albanian
Compare & Connect: Mazzini and Lord Acton Debate the Political Principles of Nationalism
Encountering the Past: Gymnastics and German Nationalism
CHAPTER 21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850)
Toward an Industrial Society
Population and Migration Railways
The Labor Force
The Emergence of a Wage Labor Force
Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
The Family in the Early Factory System
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment
Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage
Problems of Crime and Order
New Police Forces
Prison Reform
Classical Economics
Malthus on Population
Ricardo on Wages
Government Policies Based on Classical Economics
Early Socialism
Utopian Socialism
Anarchism
Marxism
1848: Year of Revolutions
France: the Second Republic and Louis Napoleon
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted
Italy: Republicanism Defeated
Germany: Liberalism Frustrated
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Great Exhibition in London
Compare & Connect: Andrew Ure and John Ruskin Debate the Conditions of Factory Production
Encountering the Past: The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland
THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY
PART 5: TOWARD THE MODERN WORLD
CHAPTER 22 The Age of Nation-States
The Crimean War (1853—1856)
Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
Italian Unification
Romantic Republicans
Cavour’s Policy
The New Italian State
German Unification
Bismarck
The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870—1871)
France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
The Paris Commune
The Third Republic
The Dreyfus Affair
The Habsburg Empire
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Unrest of Nationalities
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings
Reforms of Alexander II
Revolutionaries
Great Britain: Toward Democracy
The Second Reform Act (1867)
Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868—1874)
Disraeli in Office (1874—1880)
The Irish Question
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Crimean War Recalled
Compare & Connect: Two Faces of Nationalism and Drives for National Unity
Encountering the Past: The Arrival of Penny Postage
CHAPTER 23 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World WarI
Population Trends and Migration
The Second Industrial Revolution
New Industries
Economic Difficulties
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy
Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes
Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life
The Redesign of Cities
Urban Sanitation
Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values
Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
Women’s Social Disabilities
New Employment Patterns for Women
Working-Class Women
Poverty and Prostitution
Women of the Middle Class
The Rise of Political Feminism
Jewish Emancipation
Differing Degrees of Citizenship
Broadened Opportunities
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
Trade Unionism
Democracy and Political Parties
Karl Marx and the First International
Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs
France: “Opportunism” Rejected
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Bloody Sunday, St. Petersburg 1905
Compare & Connect: Bernstein and Lenin Debate the Character of Tactics of European Socialism
Encountering the Past: Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport
CHAPTER 24 The Birth of Modern European Thought
The New Reading Public
Advances in Primary Education
Reading Material for the Mass Audience
Science at Mid-century
Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Science and Ethics
Christianity and the Church under Siege
Intellectual Skepticism
Conflict between Church and State
Areas of Religious Revival
The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
Science: The Revolution in Physics
Literature: Realism and Naturalism
Modernism in Literature
The Coming of Modern Art
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason
The Birth of Psychoanalysis
Retreat from Rationalism in Politics
Racism
Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism
Women and Modern Thought
Anti-feminism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Thought
New Directions in Feminism
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Conflict Between Church and State in Germany
Compare & Connect: The Debate over Social Darwinism
Encountering the Past: The Birth of Science Fiction
CHAPTER 25 The Age of Western Imperialism
The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization
The Age of British Imperial Dominance
The Imperialism of Free Trade
British Settler Colonies
India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
The “New Imperialism,” 1870-1914
Motives for the New Imperialism
The Partition of Africa
Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya
Egyptand British Strategic Concern about the Upper Nile
West Africa
The Belgian Congo
German Empire in Africa
Southern Africa
Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia
Western Powers in Asia
Francein Asia
The United States Actions in Asia and the Pacific
The Boxer Rebellion
Tools of Imperialism
Steamboats
Conquest of Tropical Diseases
Firearms
The Missionary Factor
Evangelical Protestant Missionaries
Roman Catholic Missionary Advance
Tensions between Missionaries and Imperial Administrators
Missionaries and Indigenous Religious Movements
Science and Imperialism
Botany
Zoology
Medicine
Anthropology
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The French in Morocco
Compare & Connect: Two Views of Turn-of-the-Twentieth Century Imperial Expansion
Encountering the Past: Imperialism Determining the Application of Submarine Cable Communication
THE WEST AND THE WORLD: IMPERIALISM: ANCIENT AND MODERN
CHAPTER 26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890)
Bismarck’s Leadership
Forging the Triple Entente (1890–1907)
World War I
The Road to War (1908–1914)
Sarajevoand the Outbreak of War (June–August 1914)
Strategies and Stalemate; 1914–1917
The Russian Revolution
The Provisional Government
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
The Communist Dictatorship
The End of World War I
Germany’s Last Offensive
The Armistice
The End of the Ottoman Empire
The Settlement at Paris
Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced
The Peace
World War I and Colonial Empires
Evaluating the Peace
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Development of the Armored Tank
Compare & Connect: The Outbreak of World War I
Encountering the Past: War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin
CHAPTER 27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement
Toward the Great Depression in Europe
Financial Tailspin
Problems in Agricultural Commodities
Depression and Government Policy in Britain and France
The Soviet Experiment
War Communism
The New Economic Policy
The Third International
Stalin versus Trotsky
The Decision for Rapid Industrialization
The Collectivization of Agriculture
The Purges
The Fascist Experiment in Italy
The Rise of Mussolini
The Fascists in Power
German Democracy and Dictatorship
The Weimar Republic
Depression and Political Deadlock
Hitler Comes to Power
Hitler’s Consolidation of Power
Anti-Semitism and the Police State
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women
Nazi Economic Policy
Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
Economic and Ethnic Pressures
Poland: Democracy to Military Rule
Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment
Hungary: Turmoil and Authoritarianism
Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation
Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Nazi Party Rally
Compare & Connect: The Soviets and the Nazis Confront the Issues of Women and the Family
Encountering the Past: Cinema of the Political Left and Right
PART 6: GLOBAL CONFLICT, COLD WAR, AND NEW DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 28 World War II
Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
Hitler’s goals
ItalyAttacks Ethiopia
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
The Spanish Civil War
Austriaand Czechoslovakia
Munich
The Nazi-Soviet Pact
World War II (1939–1945)
The German Conquest of Europe
The Battle of Britain
The German Attack on Russia
Hitler’s Plans for Europe
Japanand the United States Enter the War
The Defeat of Nazi Germany
The Tide Turns
Fall of the Japanese Empire
The Cost of War
Racism and the Holocaust
The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community
Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars
The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland
Explanations of the Holocaust
The Domestic Fronts
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance
Great Britain: Organization for Victory
The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War”
Preparations for Peace
The Atlantic Charter
Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front
Yalta
Potsdam
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Vichy Regime in France
Compare & Connect: The Munich Settlement
Encountering the Past: Rosie the Riveter and American Women in the War
CHAPTER 29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
The Emergence of the Cold War
Containment in American Foreign Policy
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe
The Postwar Division of Germany
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
The Creation of the State of Israel
The Korean War
The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union
Khruschev’s Domestic Policies
The Three Crises of 1956
Later Cold War Confrontations
The Berlin Wall
The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Brezhnev Era
1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia
The U.S. and Détente
The Invasion of Afghanistan
Communism and Solidarity in Poland
Relations with the Reagan Administration
Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire
Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal
India
Further British Retreat from Empire
The Turmoil of French Decolonization
Franceand Algeria
Franceand Vietnam
VietnamDrawn into the Cold War
Direct United States. Involvement
The Collapse of European Communism
Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union
1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
The Yelstsin Decade
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
The Rise of Radical Political Islamism
Arab Nationalism
The Iranian Revolution
Afghanistanand Radical Islamism
A Transformed West
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Collapse of the Berlin Wall
Compare & Connect: The Soviet Union and the United States Draw the Lines of the Cold War
Encountering The Past: Rock Music and Political Protest
CHAPTER 30 The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples
Displacement through War
External and Internal Migration
The New Muslim Population
European Population Trends
Toward a Welfare State Society
Christian Democratic Parties
The Creation of Welfare States
Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State
New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women
Feminism
More Married Women in the Workforce
New Work Patterns
Women in the New Eastern Europe
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
Communism and Western Europe
Existentialism
Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion
The Americanization of Europe
A Consumer Society
Environmentalism
Art Since World War II
Cultural Divisions and the Cold War
Memory of the Holocaust
The Christian Heritage
Neo-Orthodoxy
Liberal Theology
Roman Catholic Reform
Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer
The Demand for Calculating Machines
Early Computer Technology
The Development of Desktop Computers
The Challenges of European Unification
Postwar Cooperation
The European Economic Community
The European Union
Discord over the Union
New American Leadership and Financial Crisis
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Copenhagen Opera House
Compare & Connect: Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair Debate the Government Social Responsibility for Welfare
Encountering the Past: Toys from Europe Conquer the United States
THE WEST AND THE WORLD: ENERGY AND THE MODERN WORLD
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 13.1.2010 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 229 x 273 mm |
| Gewicht | 1225 g |
| Themenwelt | Geisteswissenschaften ► Geschichte ► Allgemeine Geschichte |
| ISBN-10 | 0-205-70516-2 / 0205705162 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-205-70516-0 / 9780205705160 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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