Protein Hydrolysates in Biotechnology (eBook)

Vijai K. Pasupuleti, Arnold L. Demain (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XIII, 229 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-1-4020-6674-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Protein hydrolysates, otherwise commonly known as peptones or peptides, are used in a wide variety of products in fermentation and biotechnology industries. The term 'peptone' was first introduced in 1880 by Nagelli for growing bacterial cultures. However, later it was discovered that peptones derived from the partial digestion of proteins would furnish organic nitrogen in readily available form. Ever since, p- tones, which are commonly known as protein hydrolysates, have been used not only for growth of microbial cultures, but also as nitrogen source in commercial fermen- tions using animal cells and recombinant microorganisms for the production of value added products such as therapeutic proteins, hormones, vaccines, etc. Today, the characterization, screening and manufacturing of protein hyd- lysates has become more sophisticated, with the introduction of reliable analytical instrumentation, high throughput screening techniques coupled with statistical design approaches, novel enzymes and efficient downstream processing equipment. This has enabled the introduction of custom-built products for specialized appli- tions in diverse fields of fermentation and biotechnology, such as the following. 1. Protein hydrolysates are used as much more than a simple nitrogen source. For example, the productivities of several therapeutic drugs made by animal cells and recombinant microorganisms have been markedly increased by use of p- tein hydrolysates. This is extremely important when capacities are limited. 2. Protein hydrolysates are employed in the manufacturing of vaccines by ferm- tation processes and also used as vaccine stabilizers.

---

Protein hydrolysates, otherwise commonly known as peptones or peptides, are used in a wide variety of products in fermentation and biotechnology industries. The term "e;peptone"e; was first introduced in 1880 by Nagelli for growing bacterial cultures. However, later it was discovered that peptones derived from the partial digestion of proteins would furnish organic nitrogen in readily available form. Ever since, p- tones, which are commonly known as protein hydrolysates, have been used not only for growth of microbial cultures, but also as nitrogen source in commercial fermen- tions using animal cells and recombinant microorganisms for the production of value added products such as therapeutic proteins, hormones, vaccines, etc. Today, the characterization, screening and manufacturing of protein hyd- lysates has become more sophisticated, with the introduction of reliable analytical instrumentation, high throughput screening techniques coupled with statistical design approaches, novel enzymes and efficient downstream processing equipment. This has enabled the introduction of custom-built products for specialized appli- tions in diverse fields of fermentation and biotechnology, such as the following. 1. Protein hydrolysates are used as much more than a simple nitrogen source. For example, the productivities of several therapeutic drugs made by animal cells and recombinant microorganisms have been markedly increased by use of p- tein hydrolysates. This is extremely important when capacities are limited. 2. Protein hydrolysates are employed in the manufacturing of vaccines by ferm- tation processes and also used as vaccine stabilizers.

Inhalt

Protein Hydrolysates in Biotechnology 3
Preface 5
Acknowledgements 7
Contents 9
Contributors 11
Chapter 1: Applications of Protein Hydrolysates in Biotechnology 15
Introduction 15
What Are Protein Hydrolysates? 17
Evolution of Protein Hydrolysates 18
Applications of Protein Hydrolysates in the Biotechnology Industry 19
Future Directions 21
References 21
Chapter 2: State of the Art Manufacturing of Protein Hydrolysates 24
Introduction 24
Current Practices of Different Manufacturing Methods of Protein Hydrolysates 26
Generic Flow of Manufacturing Process of Protein Hydrolysates 28
Controlling Inconsistencies of Protein Hydrolysates During Manufacturing 32
Selection of Raw Materials 34
End Use of Protein Hydrolysates Dictates the Downstream Processing 36
Plate and Frame Filtration 36
Different Methods of Concentration and Drying 37
Considerations for Plant Design and Layout 38
Concerns of the Biotechnology Industry for Regulatory Support from Protein Hydrolysate Manufacturers 39
Specifications and Sampling 41
Future Trends 42
Continuous Process 42
Innovative Technologies 42
Collaboration and Partnerships 43
References 43
Chapter 3: Towards an Understanding of How Protein Hydrolysates Stimulate More Efficient Biosynthesis in Cultured Cells 46
Introduction 47
History of Cell Culture Media 48
Animal Cell Culture Developments 49
Serum- and Animal-Free Medium Adaptations 52
Cellular Metabolism, Tumor Cells in Culture, and the Influence of Protein Hydrolysates 53
Enhanced Production by Cultured Cells on Plant-Derived Protein Hydrolysates 55
Development of Plant-Derived Protein Hydrolysates for Cell Culture Media 57
Discussion 62
Summary and Outlook 65
References 66
Chapter 4: Benefits and Limitations of Protein Hydrolysates as Components of Serum-Free Media for Animal Cell Culture Applicati 68
Introduction 68
Results 71
Insect Cell Culture 71
Virus Production in Mammalian Cells 76
Recombinant Protein Production by CHO Cells 80
Cationic Lipid Transfection 81
Discussion 81
Advantages 82
Technical Benefits 82
Manufacturing Benefits 83
Regulatory Benefits 83
Disadvantages 83
Lack of Biochemical Definition 83
Processing Complications 84
Procurement Concerns 84
Regulatory Concerns 85
Future Developments 85
Processing Improvements 86
Hydrolysate Characterization 87
Product Development 87
Chemically-Defined Medium 88
References 89
Chapter 5: Oligopeptides as External Molecular Signals Affecting Growth and Death in Animal Cell Cultures 92
Introduction 92
Results and Discussion 94
Basic Features of the Action of Synthetic Oligopeptides 94
Suppression of Programmed Cell Death 96
Feeding the Peptide-Supplemented Cultures 96
Intact Peptide Cannot Be Replaced by Amino Acids Constituting the Peptide 97
Integrity of the Peptides in the Culture 98
Shift in the Cell-Cycle Phases Distribution 98
Summary and Conclusions 99
Future Developments 100
References 101
Chapter 6: Use of Protein Hydrolysates in Industrial Starter Culture Fermentations 103
Introduction 104
Industrial Applications of Starter Cultures 105
Production of Starter Cultures 106
Design of Fermentation Media 107
Energy and Carbon Sources 108
Nitrogen Requirements and Uptake Systems in LAB 108
Protein Hydrolysates: A Source of Nitrogen and Growth Factors 109
Criteria for Selection of Protein Hydrolysates 114
Nutritional Requirements and Use of Protein Hydrolysates During Fermentations 115
Genus Lactococcus 115
Genus Lactobacillus 116
Genus Streptococcus 119
Genus Bifidobacterium 120
Genus Pediococcus 122
Summary 122
References 124
Chapter 7: Protein Hydrolysates from Non-bovine and Plant Sources Replaces Tryptone in Microbiological Media 127
Introduction 128
Materials and Methods 128
Bacterial Strain 128
Media 130
Growth Studies 130
b-Galactosidase Assay 130
Plasmid Stability 131
Results and Discussion 131
Properties of the Protein Hydrolysates 131
Growth of E. coli in Various Media 131
Expression of Plasmid Borne b-Galactosidase 134
Stability of Plasmid 134
Conclusions 135
References 136
Chapter 8: The Use of Protein Hydrolysates for Weed Control 138
Introduction 139
Corn Gluten Meal 139
Grain Protein Hydrolysates 140
Peptides Isolated from Hydrolysates 141
Site of Action of Dipeptides 141
Natural Herbicides 142
References 143
Chapter 9: Physiological Importance and Mechanisms of Protein Hydrolysate Absorption 145
Introduction 146
Results and Discussion 147
Comparison of Free Versus Peptide-Bound AA Absorption Capacity 147
Appearance of AAs and Peptides in Blood 151
Influence of Hydrolysate or FAA on Individual AA Portal and Peripheral Blood Appearance 158
Influence of Peptide Hydrolysates on Animal Performance 161
What Is the Physiological Response of Animals to Feeding Hydrolysates? 161
What Is the Influence of Hydrolysates on the Malnourished Animal? 164
Bioactive Dietary Peptides 167
Biochemical Characterization of PepT1 Activity 168
Regulation of PepT1 Functional Capacity 169
Nutritional and Physiological and Conditions That Affect PepT1 Expression 170
Protein and Peptide Substrate Induced PepT1 Regulation 171
Cellular Control of PepT1 Functional Capacity Regulation 171
Summary and Conclusions 178
Future Developments 178
References 179
Chapter 10: Protein Hydrolysates/Peptides in Animal Nutrition 188
Introduction 188
Protein Hydrolysates/Peptides in Livestock Production 189
Peptides in Human Nutrition 190
Human Nutrition Versus Animal Nutrition 191
Growth Performance of Animals Fed Peptides from Hydrolysates 192
Comparing Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Protein to Animal Plasma 192
Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Protein as a Replacement for Fish Meal 193
Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Proteins Versus Spray-Dried Blood Cells 193
Dried Whey Compared to Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Animal Proteins 194
Hydrolyzed Soy Protein Isolate in Veal Calf Diets 194
Growth Performance of Piglets Fed Peptides from Soy Fermentation 195
Carryover Effect 196
References 198
Chapter 11: Protein Hydrolysates as Hypoallergenic, Flavors and Palatants for Companion Animals 200
Introduction 201
Soy Sauce 202
Production 203
Applications 203
Hydrolyzed Vegetable Proteins (HVPs) 204
Production 204
Flavor Characteristic Applications 205
Yeast Extracts 206
Production 207
Protein Hydrolysates 207
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Proteins 209
Composition of Protein Hydrolysates 212
Degree of Hydrolysis 212
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 213
Future Trends 214
References 215
Chapter 12: The Development of Novel Recombinant Human Gelatins as Replacements for Animal-Derived Gelatin in Pharmaceutical 217
Introduction 217
Results and Discussion 218
Expression Optimization in Pichia pastoris 218
Low Molecular Weight Non-gelling Human Gelatins for Stabilization of Pharmaceuticals 221
Recombinant Human Gelatins for Use as a Plasma Expander 224
High Molecular Weight Gelatins with Gel Forming Properties 226
Analysis of Gelatin Structure 230
Summary 231
References 232
Index 234

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.8.2010
• Zusatzinfo: XIII, 229 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Schlagworte: Animal Cell Culture • Biotechnology • Fermentation • Fermentations • nitrogen • Nutraceuticals • Peptones • Protein Hydrolysates
• ISBN-10: 1-4020-6674-0 / 1402066740
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-6674-0 / 9781402066740