Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications (eBook)

Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024
1123 Seiten
Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)
978-1-394-17289-4 (ISBN)

Infos

This unique book provides a comprehensive introduction to the multifaceted realm of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in the field of theranostics, exploring the fundamental concepts, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and potential applications.

In recent years, the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine has ushered in a new era of therapeutics and diagnostics. Among the myriad nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as versatile candidates with immense potential for theranostic applications. Their unique combination of magnetic properties and functionalization capabilities has paved the way for innovative approaches in both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.

Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and manipulation of these MNPs is essential for harnessing their full potential in theranostics. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise control over their size, shape, and surface chemistry, allowing for tailored functionalities to suit specific biomedical applications. From superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to magnetic nanorods and beyond, the diverse landscape of MNPs offers a rich playground for innovation. The convergence of diagnosis and therapy is facilitated by functionalized MNPs; their magnetic properties render them invaluable tools for imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offering high-resolution anatomical and functional information for disease detection and monitoring. Simultaneously, functionalizing MNPs with targeting ligands, therapeutic agents, or stimuli-responsive moieties empowers them to actively engage in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, or magnetic manipulation of biological processes. This synergistic approach exemplifies the essence of theranostics-combining therapy and diagnostics to achieve personalized and precise medical interventions.

The book discusses the challenges ahead, including the translation of functionalized MNPs from bench to bedside, which necessitates rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluations to ensure safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the complex interplay between nanoparticles and biological systems demands a multidisciplinary approach, bridging the gap between materials science, biology, and clinical medicine. Regulatory hurdles, scalability issues, and ethical considerations further underscore the need for concerted efforts and strategic collaborations in the development and commercialization of MNP-based theranostic platforms.

The readers will find that 'Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications' comprehensively covers the chemical, structural, and biological properties of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications as well as most of the challenges.

Audience
This unique reference book will be of great value to materials engineers, polymer scientists, and technologists working in the electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries. It will also be of great use to graduate, postgraduate, and engineering students working in materials and polymer science.

Mayank Pandey, PhD, works in the Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Hennur, Bengaluru. He completed a PhD on 'Preparation of polymer electrolyte for electrochemical device applications.' He has an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots-based polymeric composites. Aside from his research, Pandey contributes to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals.

Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a Senior Researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic. He has over 20 years of research experience working with a wide variety of nanomaterials, and polymeric materials, especially polymer blends, nanocomposites, and nanohybrids for various applications. His research interest is mainly focused on the synthesis, characterization, and investigations of the structure-property relationship of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers including various metal oxides, carbon allotropes, and novel 2D nanomaterials for energy storage, EMI shielding, gas sensing and biomedical applications.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Textauszug

1
Magnetic Nanoparticles: Classifications, Structure, Physicochemical Properties, and Implications for Biomedical Applications

Ezaz Haider Gilani1, Umer Mehmood2, Rabia Nazar2*, Andleeb Arshad2, Faris Baig2, Arshia Fatima2, Noor Shahzadi2, Usama Mehmood2 and Fahad Iftikhar2

1School of Chemistry, Minhaj University Lahore, Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

2Polymer and Process Engineering (PPE) Department, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore, Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a progressively new type of nanoparticle (NP) that is strongly influenced by magnetic fields. These particles typically have two parts: a magnetic component, which is frequently composed of iron, nickel, or cobalt, and a reducing/capping component. Nanoparticles typically have a diameter of less than 1 m (between 1 and 100 nm), whereas the diameter of larger microbeads ranges from 0.5 to 500 m. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters, which are composed of multiple separate magnetic nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm, are also referred to as magnetic nanoparticle beads. The foundation for the subsequent magnetic nanochains consists of magnetic nanoparticle clusters. Due to the potential use of MNPs in a variety of industries, such as catalysis, magnetically adjustable colloidal photonic crystals, biomedicine, tissue-specific targeting, storage devices, cleanup of the environment, nanofluids, nano solutions, optical filters, sensors, magnetic cooling, and cation sensing, magnetic nanoparticle research has received much attention in recent years.

Compared to other nanostructures, MNPs are considered the most significant and often employed class of nanomaterials. These particles have several applications. However, their intrinsic magnetism makes several tasks easier, such as targeting, which is crucial and required in medication delivery, making them significant in biomedicine, particularly in the area of drug delivery. The objectives of this chapter are to gather and provide general precise data and information on MNPs and the characteristics of these particles in biomedical applications. The features of these particles and their numerous uses in medication delivery are discussed in the following sections. Furthermore, a fundamental consideration for coating magnetic nanoparticles was made. It has also been noted that the coating of MNPs is mandatory for medical purposes. The process of loading pharmaceuticals onto MNPs, entry into the body, targeting, and release of drugs are important aspects of the biomedical applications of MNPs. A brief explanation is provided to address the current issues and the stability of MNPs.

Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles, nanoparticle classification, biomedical applications, physicochemical properties, nanoparticle structure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, nanomedicine

List of Abbreviations

MNPs	Magnetic Nanoparticles

NPs	Nanoparticles

MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging

IONPs

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

FeO	Iron Oxide

PCR	Polymerase Chain Reaction

FeCl3

Iron Chloride

CTAB	Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide

HAuCl4

Gold chloric acid

TEOS	Tetra ethoxy silane

CVD	Chemical Vapor deposition

MCE	Magneto-caloric effect

CoPt3

Cobalt platinate

FePt	Iron Platinum

Co(CO)5

Cobalt Penta carbonyl

Co-NPs

Cobalt Nanoparticles

TEM	Transmittance Emission Spectroscopy

SEM	Scanning Electron Microscopy

XRD	X-ray Diffraction

H

Hours

PPE	Personal Protective Equipment

1.1 Introduction

For decades, MNPs have been used in diagnostic applications. MNPs are extremely promising because of their high magnetism, surface area, volume ratio, dispersibility, propensity to interact with different molecules, and superparamagnetic characteristics. They have been used in numerous medical fields, most notably in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Frequently used iron and its oxide (FeO) nanoparticles (IONPs) exhibit low toxicity and excellent superparamagnetic characteristics. However, IONPs face numerous obstacles, which make it difficult for them to enter the market. To overcome these difficulties, research has focused on creating MNPs with improved magnetic characteristics and safety profiles. Doping MNPs (especially IONPs) with other metallic elements (such as cobalt and manganese) reduces the amount of iron (Fe) released into the body and results in the production of multimodal nanoparticles with distinctive features. Another strategy entails creating MNPs from metals other than Fe that have excellent magnetic or other imaging properties. The development of MNPs, which can also be used as multipurpose platforms to combine various MRI applications or biomedical imaging techniques to create more accurate and comprehensive diagnostic tests, appears to be the future direction of the field.

Disease diagnosis is the first step toward effective therapy. To accurately determine a patient’s current state and how they may develop in the future, it is crucial to establish their complete medical and family history, calculated risk factors, and symptoms (or lack thereof). This information must be cross-checked with the results of the diagnostic testing. However, the prognosis of a patient is significantly influenced by the stage at which the disease is identified. The fact that many crucial disorders are detected at very late stages is one of the main causes of “avoidable fatalities.” The most common example of this is cancer. According to a 2009 study, many cancer deaths that could have been prevented were caused by delayed diagnosis and potentially curative therapies [1]. Additionally, Virnig et al. released a study in the same year, examining the differences in cancer survival rates between White and African Americans in United States (USA). Overall, African Americans were less likely to survive for more than five years after diagnosis and were more likely to receive a late-stage cancer diagnosis [2]. The same logic holds true for the treatment of infectious disorders; identifying the pathogen responsible for the infection enables the choice of the most suitable therapeutic with the lowest risk of developing antibiotic resistance [3, 4]. The list of instances is endless and encompasses all medical specialties; in modern times, an early diagnosis is frequently associated with a favorable prognosis [5]. The lack of appropriate diagnostic tools and assays is a significant contributor to the delayed diagnosis. An example of a diagnostic test with a high resolution and deeper tissue penetration is MRI. High sensitivity and specificity are disappointingly poor [6]. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests, on the other hand, are very sensitive and specific assays, but their turnaround time is too long [7]. To the issues mentioned, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) appear as promising remedies. They are potential technologies in the field of molecular diagnosis that can be used to create diagnostic tests that are quicker, easier, and less expensive using magnetic separation techniques. MNPs can also be used in MRI to increase sensitivity and specificity. They have been investigated as diagnostic tools for many years, and as early as 1993, several MRI contrast agent compositions have received regulatory approval [8].

In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to manufacture and create magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for different industries and fields, such as biotechnology, drug delivery systems, and computers. In general, the optimal design and production of these nanoparticles affect how well they work and are used. Numerous magnetic nanoparticles have been created thus far, including ferrites (MFe2O4, where M = Metal), pure metallic NPs, metal oxide NPs, alloys, and bimetallic NPs [6, 9]. The creation of magnetic nanoparticles must consider some important factors, including their intrinsic magnetic characteristics, size, shape, surface coating, surface charge [10, 11], stability in aqueous media, and non-toxicity [12, 13]. Different parameters (size, shape, surface area, coating, and stability) of MNPs can be regulated by selecting an appropriate synthesis process [14–16]. Iron oxides typically play a significant impact in the selection of magnetic material [17–19]. These oxides have remarkable stability against degradation, and in contrast to other magnetic nanoparticles, exhibit good magnetic characteristics [12, 13, 20, 21]. In addition, these nanoparticles are less hazardous. To date, several techniques have been put out and improved upon for the production of MNPS. Magnetic particles have received considerable attention in this...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.11.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 1-394-17289-3 / 1394172893
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-17289-4 / 9781394172894