Integrated Renewable Energy for Rural Communities (eBook)

Planning Guidelines, Technologies and Applications

Nasir El Bassam, Preben Maegaard (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2004 | 1. Auflage
342 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-047308-6 (ISBN)

Infos

More than two billion people worldwide have currently no access to grid electricity or other efficient energy supply. This is one third of humanity and the majority live in rural areas. The productivity and health of these people are diminished by reliance on traditional fuels and technologies, with women and children suffering most. Energy is the key element to empower people and ensure water, food and fodder supply as well as rural development. Therefore access to energy should be treated as the fundamental right to everybody. Renewable energy has the potential to bring power, not only in the literal sense, to communities by transforming their prospects.

This book offers options that meet the needs of people and communities for energy and engage them in identifying and planning their own provision. It describes updated renewable energy technologies and offers strategies and guidelines for the planning and implementation of sustainable energy supply for individuals and communities.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Preface 5
Through Enlightenment to the Solar Age 5
Table of Contents 7
Index of Figures 13
Index of Tables 23
Foreword 25
1 Introduction 27
2 Overview of Energy Requirements for Rural Communities 32
Heat 32
Electric Power 32
Water 33
Lighting 33
Cooking 33
Health and Sanitation 33
Communications 33
Transportation 34
Agriculture 34
Basic and Extended Needs 34
Typical Electricity Needs in Rural Areas 34
Example for Electricity Supply of Small Villages with Approximately 50 Inhabitants 37
3 Calculating Energy and Food Production Potential and Requirements 40
Modeling Approaches 40
Data Acquisition 43
Determination of Energy and Food Requirements 47
Agricultural Activities 47
Households 51
Food Requirement 53
Energy Potential Analysis 54
Solar Energy 54
Exploitation of Solar Energy 57
Solar Thermal System 57
Solar Photovoltaic 60
Data Collection and Processing for Energy Utilization 62
Water and Space Heating 62
Drying of Agricultural Produce 63
Wind Energy 63
Biomass 66
Energetic Use of Biomass 68
Combustion 68
Extraction 70
Biogas Production 71
4 Planning of Integrated Energy Systems for Rural Communities 76
Scenario 1 76
Scenario 2 77
Case study I: Implementation of IEF under Climatic Conditions of Central Europe 84
Specifications 84
Farm Production 85
Energy Requirement 85
Administration and Household 85
Agricultural Activities 86
Energy Production on the Farm 88
Origin of Biomass 89
Contribution of Different Renewable Energy Sources 89
Investment Requirement 89
Case study II: Arid and Semi Arid Regions 90
Specifications 90
Farm Production 91
Energy Requirement 91
Administration and Household 91
Agricultural Activities 93
Energy Production on the Farm 94
Origin of Biomass 95
Contribution of Different Renewable Energy Sources 95
Investment Requirement 96
5 Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies 97
Biomass and Bioenergy 97
Herbaceous Energy Crops 97
Woody Energy Crops 97
Industrial Crops 98
Agricultural Crops 98
Aquatic Crops 101
Agricultural Crop Residues 101
Forestry Residues 101
Municipal Waste 101
Biomass Processing Residues 101
Animal Wastes 102
Landfill Gas 102
Regional Availability 102
Temperate Regions 102
Arid and semi-Arid Regions 103
Humid Tropical Regions 103
Current and Potential Uses of Biomass 104
Households 106
Industry 107
Woodfuels 108
Peat 108
Production, Handling and Logistic 108
Production Improvements 108
Material Handling 108
Collection, Logistics and Infrastructure 109
Future Bioenergy Scenarios 109
Gender and Health 112
Upgrading of Biomass 112
Charcoal 112
Briquettes 114
Pellets 114
Extraction and Conversion Technologies 115
Landfill Gas 115
Biogas 116
Deployment of Biogas: Denmark as a Case Study 118
Origins of Three Farm Biogas Concepts 119
Materials and Technology in Biogas Construction 120
Technological Development of Farm Biogas Plant 123
Case: Plant Oil Crops, Biogas and the Dike-Pond System with Comprehensive Integration 124
Plant Oils 126
Ethanol 131
Combustion 131
Gasification 132
Pyrolysis 133
Cogeneration 134
Wind Energy 135
Types of Windmills 138
Energy Yield 141
Small Windmills 143
Environmental Aspects 144
Economic Aspects 144
Solar Energy 147
Solar Technologies 147
Photovoltaics (PV) 149
Photovoltaic Power Systems 153
Grid-Based and Grid-Connected PV in the Industrial Regions 154
Rooftop and Facade Installations 155
PV Generating Plant 155
PV in the Developing World 156
Stand-Alone Applications 156
Mini-Grid and Hybrid Systems 157
Obstacles 157
Promotion and Economics 157
The Industry and Market Trends 159
The Market for PV 160
Health and Environmental Considerations 160
Battery Disposal 161
Deployment Issues 161
Solar Thermal 161
Low Temperature Solar Thermal Systems 162
High Temperature Solar Thermal Systems 163
Solar Thermal Electricity 164
The Industry and Market Trends 165
Hydropower 166
Types of Hydropower 166
Impoundment 166
Diversion 166
Pumped Storage 166
Turbines and Water wheels 169
Impulse 169
Reaction 170
Pumps as Substitutes for Turbines 170
Economic Issues 172
Industry and Market Trends 172
Geothermal Energy 173
Technology 174
Exploration 174
Drilling 174
Direct use 174
Geothermal Heat Pumps 174
Advanced Technologies 174
Electricity Generation 174
Location of Resources 177
Recent Developments 177
Future Development 179
Environmental Impact 179
Market Trends 180
Marine Energy (General) 180
Resources 180
Technologies 182
Horizontal Axis Turbines (Axial Flow Turbine) 182
Vertical Axis Turbines (Cross Flow Turbine) 182
Future of Marine Current Energy 183
Ocean Thermal Energy 184
OTEC Systems 184
Environmental and Economic Impact 186
Tidal Energy 188
Technical Concepts 189
Experiences from Current Systems 190
Economic Dimensions 191
Environmental Aspects 191
Wave Energy 192
Resource 193
Technologies 194
Economy of Wave Power 196
Hydrogen 197
Technologies 198
Thermochemical 198
Electrochemical 199
Photo Electrochemical 199
Photo Biological 199
Transport and Storage 199
Economy 200
Fuel Cells 200
The Technology 200
Motive Power 202
Stationary Power 204
Stirling Engines for Power and Heat Generation 204
The Technology 205
Applications 206
Tractors as Power Generator (Dual Uses) 208
Technological Process 208
Fuel 210
Batteries 211
Types of Batteries 211
Sources for Charging Batteries 212
Alternative Transportation Fuels 213
Pure Vegetable Oil (PPO, PVO) 213
Biodiesel 213
Electricity 214
Ethanol 214
Hydrogen 214
Methanol 214
Natural Gas 214
Propane 214
P-series 215
6 Applications of Renewable Energy Technologies 218
Cookers and Stoves 218
Solar Cookers 218
Liquid Stove 220
Wood Stoves 220
Air Conditioning, Cooling, Refrigeration and Ice Making 222
Possible Refrigeration Cycles 222
Electrical Driven 222
Intermittent Adsorption Cycles 222
Intermittent Absorption Cycles 222
Continuous Absorption Cycles 222
The Platen-Munters Diffusion Absorption Cycle 223
Desiccant Wheel Systems 223
ISAAC’ Solar Icemaker 224
Active Solar Cooling and Refrigeration 225
Absorption Cooling and Refrigeration 225
Desiccant Cooling 225
Evaporative Cooling/Photovoltaic-Powered 225
Heat Engine/Vapour Compression Cooling (Rankin-Cycle) 226
Photovoltaic (PV)-Powered Heat Pumps, Air Conditioners, and Refrigerators 226
Zeolite-Refrigerator 226
Earth Ware Pots cooler 227
Solar Powered Village Scale Potable Water System 230
Introduction 230
Implications of Consumption of Contamined Water 230
Water-Related Disease 231
Water-Borne Diseases 231
Water-Washed Diseases 231
Water-Based Diseases 231
Water-Related Insect Vectors 231
Chemical-Related Illness 231
Nitrates 231
Fluoride 232
Arsenic 232
Appropriate Technology - Water Treatment Methods 232
Solar Distillation 234
Ultra Violet Sterilisation 235
Reverse Osmosis 235
Operation of a Conventional Reverse Osmosis Unit 236
The Solar Flow Technology 237
Background 238
The Solarflow Unit 239
Economics of the System 241
The Solarflow System 242
Conclusion 243
Telecommunication 244
Remote Areas 244
Typical Solar-Powered Telecommunication System 245
Solar Array 245
Batteries 245
Charge Controller 246
Remote Monitoring and Control System 246
Shelter/Insulated Enclosure 246
Back-Up Diesel Generator (Optional) 246
Telecom Equipment 246
Application 246
Case 1 246
Case 2: Sun Shines on Mexico's Rural Radio-Telephony Project 247
Mobility and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 248
Traditional Draught Animals 248
Alternative Vehicles 249
Flex-Fuel Vehicles 249
Bifuel or Dual-Fuel Vehicles 249
Dedicated Vehicles 249
Alternative Fuel Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses 249
Electric Vehicles 249
7 System Integration 250
The Integrated Energy Farm 250
Concept 250
Global Approach 251
Layout of an IREF 253
Regional Implementation 254
New Achievement in the Utilization of Biomass for Energy in China (Q. Xi) 256
Background 256
A Brief Explanation of the New Device 256
Perspectives 257
8 Buildings and Energy Saving 259
9 Environmental Assessment 260
10 Economic Dimensions 268
Economic Aspects 268
Recent and Future Market 272
Financing and Investment 274
Debt 274
Private Equity (Funds and Fund Managers) 274
Funds Invested in Publicly Traded Companies 274
Export Credits 274
Insurance 274
Funds and Financing to Serve (Technology Type) 274
All Energy Efficiency (EE) Types 274
All Renewable Energy (RE) Types 275
Development 275
Marketing Strategy 276
New Paradigm 276
The Market Prospects 276
The Market Challenges (in Rural Market) 277
The Urban Market Challenges 277
The Market Challenges 277
Product Development (Response to Challenges) 277
Creative Product Development 277
Competitive Factors in Product Development 278
Market Experience (Some Lessons Learned) 278
Summary & Conclusion Remarks
11 Legislative Structures 279
New Industrial Development and Job Creation 279
Innovative German Renewable Energy Legislation 280
Consequences of Various Legislation Models 280
Obligation to Purchase and Pay Compensation 283
Compensation for Electricity from Biomass 284
Compensation for Electricity from Wind Energy 284
Compensation for Electricity from Solar Power 285
The Innovative Aspects of the Law 286
Importance of political priorities and further growth for wind energy 287
Appendices 288
Glossary 288
Abbreviations and Acronyms 311
Conversion Factors 315
Inventory of PV Systems for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development 320
Solar Restaurant in Chile 320
Biomass Turbo Stove BAFOB 5KW 324
Illuminating the Path 325
Renewables and Tourism 326
Sources of Figures and Tables 327
References 329
Subject Index 335

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.6.2004
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 0-08-047308-3 / 0080473083
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-047308-6 / 9780080473086