Gemmological Instruments (eBook)

Their Use and Principles of Operation

Peter G Read (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 2. Auflage
340 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-9226-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Gemmological Instruments deals with the developments in diamond grading equipment and gem testing instruments since the publication of the first edition in 1978. These developments include improvements in the versatility and styling of existing instruments such as the reflectivity meter, the composite spectroscope, and the refractometer. It also addresses the criticisms in the first edition and provides a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of different gem testing equipment. This book is organized into 16 chapters that describe groundbreaking instruments like the thermal conductivity diamond testers and home-constructed items that while innovative have not yet been commercialized. There are also chapters dealing with microphotography and identification of synthetics and stimulants. This book also provides a listing of gemstone constants and characteristic inclusions in natural and synthetic gemstones. This book will be of interest to people interested in equipment for gem testing and diamond grading.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Gemmological Instruments: Their Use and Principles of Operation 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Dedication 3
Preface to Second Edition 6
Preface to First Edition 8
Chapter 1. Gemstone Characteristics and Constants used for Identification 14
THE APPEARANCE OF THE GEMSTONE 14
GEM TESTING 25
Chapter 2. Preparation and Handling of Gemstones 33
ULTRASONIC BATHS 33
TWEEZERS 37
STONE HOLDERS 39
SCOOPS 42
STONE PAPERS 42
Chapter 3. Inspection Aids 46
HEAD LOUPES 49
MICROSCOPES AND ATTACHMENTS 49
IMMERSION MICROSCOPES 60
MICROPHOTOGRAPHY 75
Chapter 4. Colour (including spectral absorption and pleochroism) 82
SELECTIVE ABSORPTION. ALLOCHROMATIC AND IDIOCHROMATIC MINERALS 82
DICHROSCOPES 83
COLOUR FILTERS 85
COLOUR MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 87
Chapter 5. Refractive index. Birefringence. Optical character and dispersion 97
APPROXIMATION OF R.l. BY IMMERSION 97
APPROXIMATION OF R.l. USING THE BECKE LINE METHOD 97
MEASUREMENT OF R.I. USING A CALIBRATED MICROSCOPE 98
CRITICAL ANGLE REFRACTOMETERS 98
SPECIAL REFRACTOMETER VERSIONS 105
POLARISCOPES AND KONOSCOPES 113
THE TABLE SPECTROMETER 117
Chapter 6. Relative Reflectivity 122
RELATIVE REFLECTIVITY METERS 122
References 136
Chapter 7. Specific gravity 137
HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING METHOD 138
HEAVY LIQUID METHOD 144
SPECIFIC GRAVITY INDICATORS 145
SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE 147
Chapter 8. Spectra 149
THE PRISM SPECTROSCOPE 151
THE DIFFRACTION GRATING SPECTROSCOPE 154
THE REVERSION SPECTROSCOPE 156
USE OF THE SPECTROSCOPE 157
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL SPECTROSCOPE 161
References 170
Chapter 9. Luminescence 172
CROSSED FILTERS 173
LW ULTRA-VIOLET LAMPS 174
LW ULTRA-VIOLET LAMP UNITS 175
SW ULTRA-VIOLET LAMPS 178
COMBINED SW AND LW ULTRA-VIOLET LAMP UNITS 179
X-RAY EQUIPMENT 182
Chapter 10. Hardness 185
DIRECTIONAL HARDNESS 185
MOHS SCALE 186
HARDNESS PENCILS 187
HARDNESS TEST PLATES 188
Chapter 11. Thermal conductivity 189
References 205
Chapter 12. Identification of Synthetics and Simulants 206
SYNTHETIC ALEXANDRITE 209
SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM 209
SYNTHETIC EMERALD 210
SYNTHETIC OPAL 211
SYNTHETIC SPINEL 212
SYNTHETIC TURQUOISE 213
SYNTHETIC LAPIS LAZULI 213
SYNTHETIC QUARTZ 214
SYNTHETIC DIAMOND 214
ALEXANDRITE SIMULANTS 215
DIAMOND SIMULANTS 215
LAPIS LAZULI SIMULANTS 218
OPAL SIMULANTS 218
PASTE SIMULANTS 219
COMPOSITE STONES 219
ARTIFICIALLY COLOURED DIAMONDS 220
INFORMATION SOURCES ON SYNTHETICS AND SIMULANTS 221
References 221
Chapter 13. Experimental Instruments 223
References 235
Chapter 14. Diamond Sorting and Grading 236
SIEVING 236
COUNTING 237
SORTING 238
THE GRADING OF POLISHED DIAMONDS 242
DIAMOND GRADING LAMPS 244
CLARITY GRADING OF POLISHED DIAMONDS 247
EQUIPMENT FOR PROPORTION GRADING 248
GRADING STANDARDS 252
THE WEIGHING AND WEIGHT ESTIMATION OF DIAMONDS 254
THE IDENTIFICATION OF POLISHED DIAMONDS 259
References 263
Chapter 15. Reserarch Laboratory Equipment 265
THE ELECTRON-SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROMETER 265
X-RAY TOPOGRAPHY 269
THE ELECTRON MICROPROBE 271
THE LUMINOSCOPE 275
THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 278
References 279
Chapter 16. Miscellaneous Items 281
PORTABLE GEM LABORATORIES 284
VIDEO MICROSCOPY 287
JEWELLERY PHOTOGRAPHY 290
ANTI-STATIC PRODUCTS AND DEVICES 290
ANTI-VIBRATION PADS AND MOUNTS 293
FILTERS 293
MATERIALS 295
References 296
Appendix A: Manufacturers and Suppliers 297
Appendix B: Gemstone Constants 305
Index 318
Index to advertisers 322
MARTIN MGA. 1 GEM ANALYZER 328
GEMMOLOGY FOR YOU (PERSONALLY) 329
A GIANT STEP IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 331
GEMMOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS 332
Over 50 years of gemological rand research are built into every instrument 336
The GIA Bookstore 340

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.9.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Mineralogie / Paläontologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-9226-1 / 1483192261
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-9226-0 / 9781483192260