Eye Movements (eBook)

A Window on Mind and Brain

Roger PG van Gompel (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 1. Auflage
600 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-047491-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Eye-movement recording has become the method of choice in a wide variety of disciplines investigating how the mind and brain work. This volume brings together recent, high-quality eye-movement research from many different disciplines and, in doing so, presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in eye-movement research.

Sections include the history of eye-movement research, physiological and clinical studies of eye movements, transsaccadic integration, computational modelling of eye movements, reading, spoken language processing, attention and scene perception, and eye-movements in natural environments.

* Includes recent research from a variety of disciplines
* Divided into sections based on topic areas, with an overview chapter beginning each section
* Through the study of eye movements we can learn about the human mind, and eye movement recording has become the method of choice in many disciplines

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Eye Movements: A Window on Mind and Brain 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 14
List of Contributors 16
Reviewers 26
Chapter 1 Eye-Movement Research: An Overview of Current and Past Developments 28
Abstract 29
1. Overview of the parts in this book 31
2. Questionnaire study and journal database search 37
3. Conclusions 53
References 54
PART 1: HISTORY OF EYE-MOVEMENT RESEARCH 56
Chapter 2 Scanning the Seen: Vision and the Origins of Eye-Movement Research 58
Abstract 59
1. Visual vertigo 63
2. Torsion 70
3. Eye movements during reading 75
4. Eye movements over patterns 80
5. Conclusion 86
References 88
Chapter 3 Eye Movement Research in the 1950s 92
Abstract 93
1. Change in mindset 94
2. Micronystagmus 95
3. Systems theory 96
4. Limitations to the approach 98
References 100
Chapter 4 Fixation Strategies During Active Behaviour: A Brief History 102
Abstract 103
1. Introduction: before 1990 104
2. The block copying task of Dana Ballard: Two useful maxims 106
3. Everyday life tasks: making tea and sandwiches 107
4. Ball games 110
5. Driving 112
6. Conclusions 117
References 121
PART 2: PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF EYE MOVEMENTS 124
Chapter 5 Using Eye Movements to Probe Development and Dysfunction 126
Abstract 127
1. Introduction 128
2. Overview of brain areas involved in saccade control 129
3. Saccadic eye-movement tasks 131
4. Accumulator models describe reaction times 134
5. Normal Development 136
6. Eye-Movement Abnormalities in clinical studies 138
7. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 138
8. Parkinson’s disease 139
9. Tourette Syndrome 142
10. Delayed saccade task 142
11. Conclusions 145
Appendix A 146
References 146
Chapter 6 Anti-Saccade Task Performance is Dependent Upon Bold Activation Prior to Stimulus Presentation: An fMRI Study in Human Subjects 152
Abstract 153
1. Methods 155
2. Results 160
3. Discussion 163
References 165
Chapter 7 Commutative Eye Rotations in Congenital Nystagmus 168
Abstract 169
1. Listing’s law 170
2. Muscle pulleys 171
3. Commutative eye movements and ocular motor instabilities 173
4. Methods 173
5. Results 179
6. Discussion 181
Acknowledgement 186
References 186
PART 3: TRANSSACCADIC INTEGRATION 190
Chapter 8 Transsaccadic Recognition in Scene Exploration 192
Abstract 193
1. Introduction 194
2. The power of single-shot perception 195
3. Transsaccadic information integration in scene exploration: The Pit and the Pendulum 198
4. Some new data: Transsaccadic object recognition in scenes 202
5. Conclusion: Time to put a transsaccadic theory of recognition on the agenda 211
Acknowledgement 213
References 213
Chapter 9 How Postsaccadic Visual Structure Affects the Detection of Intrasaccadic Target Displacements 220
Abstract 221
1. Experiment 1 224
2. Experiment 2 228
3. Experiment 3 231
4. Experiment 4 233
5. General discussion 236
Acknowledgements 238
References 238
Chapter 10 Transsaccadic Memory: Building a Stable World from Glance to Glance 240
Abstract 241
1. Introduction 242
2. Combining basic visual information across saccades 243
3. Transsaccadic accumulation of memory for natural scenes 247
4. The cost of transsaccadic integration 249
5. Discussion 252
6. Conclusions 257
References 257
PART 4: MODELLING OF EYE MOVEMENTS 262
Chapter 11 Models of Oculomotor Control in Reading: Toward a Theoretical Foundation of Current Debates 264
Abstract 265
1. Introduction: Models of oculomotor control in reading 266
2. The role of visual attention for theories and models of continuous reading 270
3. Consequences for visual processing and oculomotor control in reading 280
4. Problems of comparing and evaluating models 285
5. Challenges for future model developments 288
References 291
Chapter 12 Modeling the Effects of Lexical Ambiguity on Eye Movements During Reading 298
Abstract 299
1. E-Z Reader 301
2. Lexical Ambiguity 305
3. Simulations 308
4. Discussion 313
Acknowledgments 317
References 317
Chapter 13 Dynamic Coding of Saccade Length in Reading 320
Abstract 321
1. Study one: Pseudo-reading 326
2. Study 2: Normal reading 330
3. Simulations 333
4. Discussion 338
Acknowledgements 342
References 342
Chapter 14 An Iterative Algorithm for the Estimation of the Distribution of Mislocated Fixations During Reading 346
Abstract 347
1. Introduction 348
2. Estimation of mislocated fixations from data: An iterative approach 349
3. Mislocated fixations: Model simulations 352
4. Exploring mislocated fixations and the IOVP effect in the SWIFT model 359
5. Discussion 362
Acknowledgements 363
References 363
PART 5: EYE MOVEMENTS AND READING 366
Chapter 15 Eye Movements in Reading Words and Sentences 368
Abstract 369
1. Word recognition and eye movements 371
2. Effects of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors 375
3. Conclusions 393
Acknowledgments 394
References 394
Chapter 16 The Influence of Semantic Transparency on Eye Movements During English Compound Word Recognition 400
Abstract 401
1. Introduction 402
2. Method 406
3. Results 408
4. Discussion 411
Acknowledgements 414
References 414
Chapter 17 The Interplay Between Parafoveal Preview and Morphological Processing in Reading 418
Abstract 419
1. Parafoveal processing of constituents in compound words 421
2. Foveal processing of compound words and the visual acuity principle 422
3. The current study 423
4. Method 424
5. Results 426
6. Additional analyses 429
7. Summary of results 430
8. Discussion 431
Ackowledgements 433
References 433
Chapter 18 Foveal Load and Parafoveal Processing: The Case of Word Skipping 436
Abstract 437
1. Experiment 1 440
2. Experiment 2 443
3. Experiment 3 445
4. General discussion 448
Acknowledgements 450
References 450
Chapter 19 The Flexibility of Letter Coding: Nonadjacent Letter Transposition Effects in the Parafovea 452
Abstract 453
1. Method 457
2. Results 459
3. Discussion 461
Acknowledgements 464
Appendix 464
References 466
PART 6: EYE MOVEMENTS AS A METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING SPOKEN LANGUAGE PROCESSING 468
Chapter 20 Eye Movements and Spoken Language Processing 470
Abstract 471
1. Some foundational studies 473
2. Data analysis and linking assumptions 475
3. Comparing visual world and eye movement reading studies 482
4. Effects of display 485
5. Conclusion 492
Acknowledgments 492
References 493
Chapter 21 The Influence of Visual Processing on Phonetically Driven Saccades in the “Visual World” Paradigm 498
Abstract 499
1. Method 502
2. Results and discussion 504
3. Conclusions 512
Acknowledgments 513
References 513
Chapter 22 The Processing of Filled Pause Disfluencies in the Visual World 514
Abstract 515
1. Experiment 518
References 528
Chapter 23 Speech-to-Gaze Alignment in Anticipation Errors 530
Abstract 531
1. Method 535
2. Results and discussion 537
3. Conclusions 540
Acknowledgements 542
Appendix: Materials of Experiments 1 and 2 542
References 542
Chapter 24 Comparing the Time Course of Processing Initially Ambiguous and Unambiguous German SVO/OVS Sentences in Depicted Events 544
Abstract 545
1. Experiment 548
2. General discussion 556
Acknowledgements 559
References 559
PART 7: EYE MOVEMENTS AS A METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING ATTENTION AND SCENE PERCEPTION 562
Chapter 25 Visual Saliency Does Not Account for Eye Movements During Visual Search in Real-World Scenes 564
Abstract 565
1. Fixation placement during scene viewing 567
2. Present study 569
3. Analysis 1: Comparing saliency model predictions to human fixations 571
4. Analysis 2: Measuring local image statistics at fixated locations 579
5. Analysis 3: Are fixated scene regions more semantically informative? 582
6. General discussion 584
7. Conclusion 586
Acknowledgements 586
References 587
Chapter 26 Congruency, Saliency and Gist in the Inspection of Objects in Natural Scenes 590
Abstract 591
1. Experiment 1: Incongruous objects in pictures 594
2. Experiment 2: Bizarre objects in pictures 600
References 606
Chapter 27 Saccadic Search: On the Duration of a Fixation 608
Abstract 609
1. Methods 612
2. Results 615
3. Discussion 618
4. Conclusion 621
Acknowledgements 621
References 621
Chapter 28 Effects of Context and Instruction on the Guidance of Eye Movements During a Conjunctive Visual Search Task 624
Abstract 625
1. Subset-selective processing and distractor-ratio effect 626
2. Bottom-up and top-down processing 627
3. Method 630
4. Results and discussion 632
5. General discussion 638
Acknowledgements 640
References 640
Chapter 29 Absence of Scene Context Effects in Object Detection and Eye Gaze Capture 644
Abstract 645
1. Experiments 1–4: General method 647
2. Experiment 1 649
3. Experiment 2 651
4. Experiment 3 652
5. Experiment 4 654
6. Discussion of Experiments 1–4 655
7. Experiment 5 657
8. General discussion 661
Acknowledgements 663
References 663
PART 8: EYE MOVEMENTS IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS 666
Chapter 30 Learning Where to Look 668
Abstract 669
1. Eye movements and task structure 670
2. Learning where to look 672
3. Neural substrate for learning where to look 675
4. Specialized computations during fixations 676
5. Summary 683
Acknowledgements 684
References 684
Chapter 31 Oculomotor Behavior in Natural and Man-Made Environments 688
Abstract 689
1. Methods 692
2. Results 696
3. Discussion 701
References 702
Chapter 32 Gaze Fixation Patterns During Goal-Directed Locomotion While Navigating Around Obstacles and a New Route-Selection Model 704
Abstract 705
1. Methods and materials 707
Conclusion 722
Acknowledgements 722
References 722
Chapter 33 Don’t Look Now: The Magic of Misdirection 724
Abstract 725
1. Our magic trick 727
2. The present study 729
3. Procedure 730
4. A typical observer 731
5. Misdirection, prior knowledge, and repetition 731
6. Do observers follow the magician’s gaze? 736
7. Conclusions 739
Acknowledgements 740
References 740
Subject Index 742
Color Plates 748

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.3.2007
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Biopsychologie / Neurowissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Verhaltenstherapie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Augenheilkunde
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften
• ISBN-10: 0-08-047491-8 / 0080474918
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-047491-5 / 9780080474915