Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs (eBook)

John T. Tanacredi, Mark L. Botton, David Smith (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XXVIII, 662 Seiten
Springer US (Verlag)
978-0-387-89959-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Horseshoe crabs, those mysterious ancient mariners, lured me into the sea as a child along the beaches of New Jersey. Drawn to their shiny domed shells and spiked tails, I could not resist picking them up, turning them over and watching the wondrous mechanical movement of their glistening legs, articulating with one another as smoothly as the inner working of a clock. What was it like to be a horseshoe crab, I wondered? What did they eat? Did they always move around together? Why were some so large and others much smaller? How old were they, anyway? What must it feel like to live underwater? What else was out there, down there, in the cool, green depths that gave rise to such intriguing creatures? The only way to find out, I reasoned, would be to go into the ocean and see for myself, and so I did, and more than 60 years later, I still do.

Dr. John T. Tanacredi is Chair and Professor of Earth and Marine Sciences at Dowling College. He is a Research Associate in the Invertebrate Zoology Department at the American Museum of Natural History.

Dr. Mark L. Botton is a Professor of Biology at Fordham University.

Dr. David R. Smith is a Research Biological Statistician for the U.S. Geological Survey.

Inhalt

Foreword 6
Preface 8
Contents 11
Contributors 16
Part I Biology 25
Part IA Populations and Habitats 26
Limits on the Global Distribution of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulacea): Lessons Learned from Two Lifetimes of Observations: Asia and America 27
1 Introduction 27
2 The Nature of the Limulacea 28
2.1 They Are Ancient 28
2.2 Are They Living Fossils? 29
2.3 They Are Environmental Generalists 31
2.4 Significance of the Discreteness of Populations 32
2.5 Genetic Considerations 37
2.6 Physiological Considerations 38
3 The Large-Scale Limitations on Distribution 38
3.1 Geology Sets Boundaries 38
3.2 Estuaries 39
3.3 Continental Shelves 39
3.4 Latitudinal Limitations 40
3.5 Significance of Tidal Type 40
3.6 Utilizing Currents 41
4 Conservation Considerations 41
4.1 Species Diversity 42
4.2 Physiological Diversity 42
4.3 Ecological Role 43
4.3.1 As Prey 43
4.3.2 Voracious Predators 43
4.3.3 As Excavators 43
5 Conclusions 44
References 44
Horseshoe Crabs - An Ancient Ancestry Revealed 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Geological Time, the Fossil Record, Biomineralization, Taphonomy, and Konservat-Lagerstätten - A Paleontological Primer 49
3 The Fossil Record of Horseshoe Crabs 52
3.1 Cambrian Context 52
3.2 Post-Cambrian Paleozoic Developments 54
3.3 The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Records 59
4 Paleontological Postscript 62
References 63
The Ecological Importance of Horseshoe Crabs in Estuarine and Coastal Communities: A Review and Speculative Summary 67
1 Introduction 67
2 Horseshoe Crabs as Predators 69
2.1 Predation by Adults 69
2.2 Predation by Juveniles 71
3 Horseshoe Crabs as Prey 72
3.1 Eggs, Trilobite Larvae, and Juveniles 72
3.1.1 Predation by Birds 72
3.1.2 Predation by Fish and Crustaceans 74
4 Adult Horseshoe Crabs as Prey 78
5 Horseshoe Crabs as Hosts for Epibionts 79
6 Summary and Conclusions 80
References 81
Relationships Between Sandpipers and Horseshoe Crab in Delaware Bay: A Synthesis 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Sandpiper Migration Systems 87
3 Delaware Bay: A Globally Important Sandpiper Stopover Site 89
4 The Importance of Horseshoe Crab Eggs to Migrating Sandpipers 90
4.1 Spatiotemporal Relationships 90
4.2 Ecophysiological Relationships 91
4.3 Alternative Food Resources? 92
5 Recent Changes in Egg Availability 93
6 Consequences for Sandpipers 96
6.1 Physiological Condition 96
6.2 Population Responses 99
7 Conclusions 100
References 102
Horseshoe Crabs, Their Eco-biological Status Along the Northeast Coast of India and the Necessity for Ecological Conservation 109
1 Introduction 110
2 Materials and Methods 111
3 Results 112
4 Discussion and Conclusions 115
References 115
American Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus polyphemus, in Mexico: Open Possibilities 117
1 Introduction 117
1.1 The Study of Limulus polyphemus in Mexico: A Historical Account 118
2 Distribution and Habitat 118
3 Morphometry 120
4 Population Genetics 120
5 Reproduction 120
6 Ecological Relationships 123
7 Status of Horseshoe Crabs in Mexico and Threats 123
7.1 Legal Status 123
7.2 Human Use 124
7.3 Shrimp Fishery 124
7.4 Offshore Oil Industry 124
7.5 Coastline Modification 125
7.6 Rising Sea Levels 126
7.7 Tourism 126
8 Opportunities 126
8.1 Education of the Local Public 126
8.2 Citizen Initiatives 127
8.3 Protected Areas 127
8.4 Research and Higher Education Institutions 128
9 Gaps in Knowledge and Priority Actions 128
References 129
Basic Habitat Requirements of the Extant Species of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulacea) 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Environment of the Major Life Stages 135
3 Comparison of Two Major Habitats 137
3.1 The Seto Inland Sea, Japan 137
3.2 Delaware Bay, USA 138
3.2.1 A Moderately Large Estuary 140
3.2.2 Extensive Tidal Marshes 140
3.2.3 Long and Sandy Shoreline 140
3.2.4 Shoreline Habitats as Incubators 140
3.2.5 Middle-Atlantic Continental Shelf 142
3.2.6 Tides and the Hydroclimate 144
3.3 Spatial Requirements 145
References 146
The Relationship Between Small- and Large-Scale Movements of Horseshoe Crabs in the Great Bay Estuary and Limulus Behavior in the Laboratory 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Seasonal Movements of Horseshoe Crabs in the Great Bay Estuary 151
2.1 Movements of Limulus in the Great Bay Estuary 151
3 Expression of Tidal and Circadian Rhythms in the Laboratory 154
4 Expression of Tidal and Daily Rhythms of Activity in the Field 157
4.1 High-Resolution Tracking Using Ultrasonic Telemetry 158
4.2 The Influence of Depth and Temperature on Activity Rhythms in the Field 158
5 Summary and Conclusions 163
References 163
Ecology of Horseshoe Crabs in Microtidal Lagoons 166
1 Introduction 167
2 Methods and Results 169
2.1 Spawning and Larval Abundance 169
2.2 Tolerance of Embryos and Larvae to Temperature and Salinity 172
2.3 Hatching Triggers 173
2.4 Discussion 175
References 178
Phylogeography, Demographic History, and Reserves Network of Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, in the South and East China Seaboards 180
1 Introduction 181
1.1 Intraspecific Variation and Phylogeography of Horseshoe Crabs 181
1.2 Status of Tachypleus tridentatus 182
1.3 Review in Nature Reserves and Genetic Connectivity for Horseshoe Crabs 182
2 Material and Methods 185
2.1 Sampling 185
2.2 DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Automated Sequencing 186
2.3 Population Structure and Demographic Analyses 186
3 Results 187
4 Discussion 192
4.1 Phylogeographic and Dispersal Patterns 192
4.2 Glaciation Events and Small-Population Effect on Demographic History 193
5 Conclusion and Conservation Implications 194
References 195
Genetic Structure of Japanese Populations of Tachypleus tridentatus by mtDNA AT-Rich Region Sequence Analysis 199
1 Introduction 200
2 Materials and Methods 202
3 Results 205
4 Discussion 208
References 211
Part IB Reproduction, Physiology,and Development 213
Reproductive Competition and Sexual Selection in Horseshoe Crabs 214
1 Introduction 214
2 Reproductive Competition in Male L. polyphemus 219
2.1 Reproductive Competition in Limulus 219
2.2 Assortative Mating and Alternative Tactics 221
2.3 Sexual Size Dimorphism and Reproductive Competition 222
2.4 Group Size, OSR, and Spawning Density 222
3 Differences in Reproductive Competition Among Horseshoe Crab Species 226
3.1 Reproductive Competition in Asian Horseshoe Crabs 226
3.2 Is Low Reproductive Competition the Result of Low Density? 226
3.3 Sexual Size Dimorphism 227
3.4 Correlates of Reproductive Competition 228
4 Conclusions 230
References 231
Vision in Horseshoe Crabs 237
1 Introduction 237
1.1 Neural Coding of Light Intensity 240
1.2 Spectral Sensitivity 240
1.3 Temporal Summation of Light 241
1.4 Light and Dark Adaptation 241
1.5 Photoreceptor Potential 242
1.6 Single Photon Detection 242
1.7 Lateral Inhibition 242
1.8 Circadian Rhythms in Visual Sensitivity 243
1.9 Horseshoe Crabs Use Vision to Find Mates 245
1.10 Neural Code for Vision 246
2 What Is the Neural Basis of the Crab’s Visual Behavior? 247
References 248
Sperm Attachment on the Egg of Malaysian King Crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Materials and Methods 251
2.1 Materials 251
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 252
3 Results 252
3.1 Morphology of Mature Gametes 252
3.2 SEM Observation on the Attachment of Sperm to the Egg 252
4 Discussion 258
References 259
Distribution and Development of Limulus Egg Clusters on Intertidal Beaches in Delaware Bay 261
1 Introduction 262
2 Background 263
3 Study Beaches 266
4 Methods 267
4.1 Egg Cluster Depth 267
4.2 Cluster Distribution Across the Foreshore 268
4.3 Cluster Distribution Along Sample Transects 268
4.4 Egg Cluster Size 269
4.5 Beach Temperature and Egg Development 270
5 Results and Discussion 270
5.1 Egg Cluster Depth 270
5.2 Cluster Distribution Across the Foreshore 271
5.3 Cluster Distribution Along Sample Transects 273
5.4 Egg Cluster Size 273
5.5 Beach Temperature and Egg Development 275
6 Summary and Conclusions 275
References 277
Comparisons in Prosomal Width and Body Weight Among Early Instar Stages of Malaysian Horseshoe Crabs, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas in the Laboratory 279
1 Introduction 279
2 Materials and Methods 280
3 Results 280
4 Discussion 284
References 285
Emergence Behavior of Juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus Under Simulated Tidal Conditions in the Laboratory and at Two Different Sediment Temperatures 287
1 Introduction 287
2 Methods 288
2.1 Experimental Aquaria 288
2.2 Acclimation Procedures 289
2.3 Experimental Procedures 289
3 Results 290
4 Discussion 292
References 294
Distribution of Juvenile Horseshoe Crabs in Subtidal Habitats of Delaware Bay Using a Suction-Dredge Sampling Device 296
1 Introduction 296
2 Methods 297
3 Results 300
4 Discussion 302
References 303
Part II Conservation 305
Part IIA Commercial Use and Management ofPopulations and Habitat 306
History of Horseshoe Crab Harvest on Delaware Bay 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Native American Use of Horseshoe Crabs 308
3 Use of Horseshoe Crabs in Agriculture 310
4 Recent Use of Horseshoe Crabs on Delaware Bay 315
4.1 American Eel Pot Fishery 315
4.2 Whelk Pot Fishery 317
4.3 Other Fisheries 317
4.4 Biomedical Horseshoe Crab Fishery 317
4.5 Horseshoe Crab Bait Landings 318
4.6 Ecotourism 319
References 320
Personnel Communications 321
Biomedical Applications of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate 322
1 Introduction 322
2 LAL Biochemistry 323
3 Source and Chemistry of Endotoxin 325
4 Pharmaceutical Applications 326
4.1 Purified Water 327
4.2 Intravenous Drugs 327
4.3 Biologicals 328
4.4 Medical Devices 328
4.5 Recombinant Drugs 328
4.6 Stored Blood 329
5 Environmental Applications 329
5.1 Seawater and Marine Sediments 329
5.2 Fresh Water 330
5.3 Air Quality 330
5.4 Endotoxin in Space 330
6 Food Quality 331
7 Medical Research 331
7.1 Biological Effect(s) of Endotoxin 331
7.2 Search for an Antiendotoxin Drug Therapy 331
8 LAL Reactivity to Fungal Glucan 332
8.1 Results of the Academic Medical Center Consortium (AMCC) Sepsis Study 332
8.2 Development of a Test for Fungal Infection 332
9 Conclusions 333
References 333
The Effect of Hemolymph Extraction Volume and Handling Stress on Horseshoe Crab Mortality 337
1 Introduction 337
2 Methods 340
2.1 Specimen Collection 340
2.2 Blood Volume Study 340
2.3 Bleeding Mortality Study 341
3 Results 343
3.1 Blood Volume Study 343
3.2 Bleeding Mortality Study 345
4 Discussion 347
References 351
Horseshoe Crabs in Hong Kong: Current Population Status and Human Exploitation 353
1 Introduction 353
2 Materials and Methods 354
2.1 Population Distribution Study 354
2.2 Human Exploitation Study 356
2.3 Data Analysis 356
3 Results 357
3.1 Population of Juvenile Horseshoe Crabs 357
3.2 Human Exploitation of Adult Horseshoe Crabs 361
4 Discussion 363
4.1 Spatial Variation of Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Population Density 363
4.2 Decline in Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Populations 364
4.3 Impact of Human Exploitation of Adult Horseshoe Crabs 365
5 Conclusion and Recommendations 365
References 366
Comparative Status and Assessment of Limulus polyphemus with Emphasis on the New England and Delaware Bay Populations 367
1 Introduction 368
2 Distribution and Life History Traits Pertinent to Assessment 369
3 Fisheries and Harvest Regulations 372
4 Coastal Assessments 375
4.1 Regional Meta-analyses 375
4.2 Delaware Bay Assessments 378
4.3 New England Assessments 382
4.4 Comparison of Delaware Bay and New England Assessments 383
4.4.1 Assessment Methods 384
4.4.2 Assessment Results 384
Theoretical and Empirical Estimates of Population Growth 385
Modeled Estimates of Population Growth 385
5 Evidence for Local or Regional Management Initiatives 385
6 Future Assessments: Control of Redirected Harvest and Multi-species Adaptive Resource Management 386
References 388
An Integrative Approach to Horseshoe Crab Multiple Use and Sustainability 393
1 Introduction 393
2 Lessons 396
2.1 Lesson 1: Natural Resources Management Is About Managing Humans 396
2.2 Lesson 2: It Is Essential to Incorporate the Precautionary Principle into Management 396
2.3 Lesson 3: The Horseshoe Crab Fishery Will Be a Primary Target of Management 397
2.4 Lesson 4: It Is Wrong to Assume that Severe Harvest Restrictions Must Be Maintained Indefinitely 398
2.5 Lesson 5: It Is Wrong to Assume that Horseshoe Crabs Can Be Managed Through Harvest Restrictions to the Exclusion of Regulating All Other Human Stressors 399
2.6 Lesson 6: Integrated Assessments Are Required to Evaluate the Cumulative Impacts of a Suite of Management Actions 400
2.7 Lesson 7: We Must Move Toward Ecosystem-based Management 401
3 Discussion 402
References 402
Strategies to Conserve and Enhance Sandy Barrier Habitat for Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus) on Developed Shorelines in Delaware Bay, United States 405
1 Introduction 405
2 Geomorphic Setting 407
3 Management Framework 412
4 Efforts to Conserve or Protect Shore Resources 415
5 Efforts to Enhance or Restore Sandy Foreshore Habitat in Developed Areas 416
6 Implications 418
References 420
Conservation Program for the Asian Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus tridentatus in Taiwan: Characterizing the Microhabitat of Nursery Grounds and Restoring Spawning Grounds 423
1 Introduction 423
1.1 Significance of the Present Study 423
1.2 Analyses of Habitat Requirements Through the Life History of T. tridentatus and the Purpose of the Study 425
2 Nursery Grounds: Relationships Between Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Density, Physical Properties of Sediments, and Infaunal Density 427
2.1 Materials and Methods 427
2.1.1 Sampling Sites and Time 427
2.1.2 Measurements of Physical Properties 428
2.1.3 Estimation of Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Density and Infauna Density 429
2.1.4 Statistical Analyses of the Relationships of Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Density with Sedimentary Physical Properties and Infauna Density 429
2.2 Results 429
2.2.1 Physical Properties of Nursery Grounds 429
2.2.2 Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Density and Infauna Density 430
2.2.3 Relationships Among Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Density, Infauna Density, and Physical Properties of the Nursery Ground Microhabitat 431
2.2.4 Microhabitat Requirements of Juvenile Horseshoe Crab 433
3 Restoration of Spawning Ground 436
3.1 Preparation of Nesting Substrate and Induction of Spawning 436
3.2 Hatching Rate and Juvenile Survival Rate 436
3.3 Results 437
4 Discussion 439
4.1 Macrohabitat Preferences of T. Tridentatus 439
4.2 Microhabitat Characteristics of Nursery Ground 440
4.3 The Practice of Spawning Ground Restoration 441
5 Future Work 442
5.1 Study on the Geomorphology and Hydrodynamic Regime of the Spawning Ground 442
5.2 Restoration Practice of Spawning Ground 442
5.3 Evaluation and Conservation of the Existing Nursery Grounds and Potential Spawning Grounds 443
References 443
The Effects of Water Quality on Horseshoe Crab Embryos and Larvae 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Bioassay Studies Using Horseshoe Crab Embryos, Larvae, and Early Juveniles 446
2.1 Heavy Metals 446
2.2 Oil 447
2.3 Organic Compounds 448
3 Effects of Pollutants on Normal Embryonic Development and Limb Regeneration 449
4 Field Studies on the Effects of Pollution 450
5 Other Water Quality Issues: Temperature and Salinity 452
6 Mode of Transfer of Pollutants into Horseshoe Crabs and Potential Effects on Consumers 452
7 Physiological Mechanisms for Environmental Tolerance 455
8 Summary, Conclusions, and Implications for Horseshoe Crab Conservation 456
References 457
Heavy Metal Concentration in Horseshoe Crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas) Eggs from Malaysian Coastline 461
1 Introduction 461
2 Materials and Methods 463
3 Results 464
4 Discussion 464
References 468
A Discussion of Horseshoe Crab Management in Five Countries: Taiwan, India, China, United States, and Mexico 470
1 Introduction 470
2 Questions 471
2.1 What is the Current Status of the Horseshoe Crab Population(s) in Your Country? 471
2.2 What Are the Greatest Threats Facing the Horseshoe Crab Population in Your Country? 472
2.3 Do Pathways for Management Exist at the Present Time and What Are the Biggest Obstacles to Management? 473
2.4 What Management Actions Are Currently in Place to Deal with the Threats? 474
2.5 What Role Will Public Education Play in the Management of Your Country’s Horseshoe Crab Population(s)? 475
2.6 What Can Other Scientists and/or Organizations Do to Help You Achieve Your Management Goals? 476
2.7 Do You Have Any Suggestions as to Where the Funding Can Be Found for Additional Research, Monitoring, and Public Education? 477
2.8 Are You Optimistic or Pessimistic About the Future of the Horseshoe Crab Population(s) in Your Country? 478
3 Summary 478
Part IIB Culture and Captive Breeding 481
Clinical Evaluation, Common Diseases, and Veterinary Care of the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus 482
1 Introduction 483
2 Clinical Evaluation 483
2.1 Clinical History 483
2.2 Physical Examination 484
2.3 Antemortem Diagnostics 484
2.3.1 Tissue and Fluid Sampling 484
2.3.2 Diagnostic Imaging 485
2.4 Postmortem Diagnostics 487
2.4.1 Necropsy 487
2.4.2 Histopathology 488
3 Common Diseases 494
3.1 Non-infectious Diseases 494
3.2 Infectious Diseases 495
4 Veterinary Care 496
4.1 Preventative Medicine 496
4.1.1 Husbandry 496
4.1.2 Biosecurity 497
4.2 Therapeutics 499
References 500
Aquaculture Methods and Early Growth of Juvenile Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus) 503
1 Introduction 503
2 Aquaculture Methods 505
2.1 Egg Collection and Culture 506
2.2 Larvae and Juvenile Culture 508
2.3 Molting and Growth 510
3 Conclusions 512
References 513
Larval Culture of Tachypleus gigas and Its Molting Behavior Under Laboratory Conditions 514
1 Introduction 515
2 Materials and Methods 516
3 Results 517
4 Discussion 518
References 519
Diet Composition of Juvenile Horseshoe Crabs: Implications for Growth and Survival of Natural and Cultured Stocks 521
1 Introduction 521
2 Methods 523
2.1 Field Sampling and Stable Isotope Analyses 523
2.2 Laboratory Culture 523
2.2.1 Culture Conditions and Apparatus 523
2.2.2 Experimental Diets 525
2.2.3 Measuring Growth and Survival 525
2.3 Statistics 526
3 Results 526
3.1 Field Study 526
3.1.1 Available Foods and Adult Horseshoe Crabs 526
3.1.2 Juvenile Horseshoe Crabs 527
3.2 Laboratory Culture 528
3.2.1 Growth 528
3.2.2 Survival 528
3.2.3 Culture Environment 531
4 Discussion 531
References 533
Effect of Sediment Type on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Horseshoe Crabs (Tachypleus tridentatus) 535
1 Introduction 535
2 Materials and Methods 536
3 Results 537
4 Discussion 539
References 540
Part IIC Public Awareness and Community-BasedConservation 541
The Conservation Network of Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus tridentatus in Taiwan 542
1 Horseshoe Crabs in Taiwan History 542
2 An Integrated Approach to the Conservation 544
2.1 Flagship Species 545
2.2 An Operating Triadic Framework Along With Six Principles 545
3 The Processes of Developing Actions 548
3.1 Formulating the Workshop Processes 548
3.2 Conservation as an Action Plan 550
4 Creation of Key Rings in the Conservation Network 550
4.1 Protected Areas 551
4.2 Population Genetic Analyses 551
4.3 Micro-Habitat Study of Nursing Grounds 551
4.4 Inducing Spawning of Horseshoe Crabs at Beaches in Taiwan 551
4.5 Public Awareness 552
4.6 Tourism Industry in Kinmen 553
4.7 Community-Based Conservation Actions in Chiayi 553
4.8 Cooperation with Scientists and Administrators Locally and Internationally 554
5 Further Works 555
6 Conclusions 556
References 556
The History of Horseshoe Crab Research and Conservation in Japan 557
1 Introduction 557
2 Horseshoe Crabs in Kasaoka and Vicinity up to 1961 558
2.1 Report of Professor Chutarou Owhatari 558
2.2 The‘‘Horseshoe Crab Field Guide’’ (1929), by Tsurukichi Matsunari 559
2.3 Studies by Daigoro Moriwake, Eitsu Oka, and Uichiro Asano (1936-1945) 559
2.4 Studies by Hiroyuki Nishii (1945-1961) 560
3 Surveys by the East Kasaoka Middle School Horseshoe Crab Research Club (1961) 561
4 Surveys for the Kasaoka Bay Land Reclamation (1966) 562
4.1 The Oe-Hama Beach Area in Kasaoka City 562
4.2 Katashima and Vicinity 563
4.3 The Yokoshima Coast 563
4.4 The Irie Vicinity and the Natsume Coast 564
4.5 The Koh-No-Shima/Uchiura Vicinity and the Furue Coast 564
5 The Kasaoka Bay Land Reclamation Project (1969) and Formation of the ‘‘Kasaoka Association for the Protection of Horseshoe Crabs’’ (1970) 564
6 Breeding and Raising Japanese and American Horseshoe Crabs in Captivity 566
6.1 Rationale 566
6.1.1 Studies by Tokiko Mitsueda 566
6.1.2 Studies by Oshige Yoshinori 567
7 Future Directions 568
Public Awareness and Community-Based Conservation for the Horseshoe Crab at Saikai National Park in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan 569
1 Introduction 569
1.1 Background 569
1.2 The Distribution of Horseshoe Crabs in Nagasaki Prefecture 570
1.3 The Kujukushima Islands in the Saikai National Park 570
2 Public Awareness Activities 571
2.1 Cooperation with Local Fishermen 571
2.2 Exhibition at SPSCA 573
2.3 Environmental Education Activities at the SPSCA 573
2.4 Delivering Lectures at Elementary and Junior High Schools 573
2.5 Field Excursions 573
2.6 Using Mass Media 574
2.7 Collaboration with Local Government 575
3 Research Activities 575
3.1 Materials and Methods 575
3.2 Results 575
3.3 Discussion 577
4 General Discussion 579
4.1 Population Status of Horseshoe Crabs in Nagasaki Prefecture 579
4.2 The Population Status of Horseshoe Crabs in the Kujukushima Area 579
4.3 Public Awareness for Horseshoe Crab Conservation 579
References 580
Public Participation in Studies on Horseshoe Crab Populations 582
1 Introduction 582
2 Monitoring Physical Appearance of Spawners 583
2.1 Reproduction by Female Horseshoe Crabs 584
2.2 Possible Indices to Evaluate the Health of a Population 585
2.2.1 Size 585
2.2.2 Activity 585
2.2.3 Viability Analysis 586
2.2.4 Appearance (Aging) of Carapace 586
2.2.5 Relative Age 586
2.2.6 Determination of Stage of Fecundity 587
2.2.7 Telson Length and Abnormal Condition 587
2.2.8 Quantity of Epibionts (Especially Bdelloura) 587
2.2.9 Summary Score 588
3 Protecting Populations 588
3.1 Fragility of a Small Population 588
3.2 Resiliency of a Large Population 588
4 Conclusions 589
References 590
Green Eggs and Sand: A Collaborative Effort of Scientists, Teachers, Resource Managers, and Stakeholders in Educating About Limulus polyphemus 592
1 Introduction 592
1.1 Background and History 592
1.2 Educational Design 594
1.3 Module Highlights 596
2 Elements of Success 598
2.1 A Management Module 598
2.2 Expert Involvement 598
2.3 Using ‘‘Real’’ Data 598
2.4 Training Workshops 599
2.5 The Importance of Video 599
2.6 Curriculum Standards 599
2.7 Tracking, Assessment, and Evaluation 600
2.8 Supporting Pieces 600
3 Looking Toward the Future 601
Community Building: An Integrated Approach to Horseshoe Crab Conservation 602
1 Introduction 603
2 The Programs 603
2.1 Education and Outreach: Reaching Students, Communities, and Researchers on the World Wide Web 604
2.2 Expanding Beyond the Internet - Tools for Education 604
2.3 Young Voicestrade, Horseshoe Crabs, and the Arts 605
2.4 Practical Conservation: Reducing Human Impact and Engaging the Broadest Coalitions 605
2.5 Backyard Stewardshiptrade: Coastal Communities Define Their Shared Habitat as a Horseshoe Crab Sanctuary 606
2.6 Just Flip ‘em! reg 607
2.7 The Horseshoe Crab Conservation Fundtrade 608
3 Summary 608
References 609
Abstracts of Additional Papers and Posters Presented 610
Horseshoe Crabs in New Haven Harbor: An Initial Study of Reproductive Biology and Beach Quality 610
Use of a Baywide Radio Telemetry Array to Study Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Behavior 611
The Relevance of Environmental Cues to the Temporal Partitioning of Behavior in the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus 611
Artificial Breeding of Horseshoe Crabs in Hong Kong 612
Traditional Uses of Horseshoe Crabs in Malaysia and Thailand 613
Captive Spawning and Juvenile Culture of Limulus polyphemus 613
Results and Benefits of a Coordinated Atlantic Coast Tagging Program for Horseshoe Crabs 614
Discovering the Differences in Heat Shock Protein Expression in the Development of Limulus polyphemus 615
The Use of Bait Bags to Reduce the Need for Horseshoe Crab as Bait in the Virginia Whelk Fishery 615
Preliminary Results on the Reproductive Activities of Horseshoe Crabs in Tampa Bay, Florida 616
Bycatch Associated with the Horseshoe Crab Trawl Survey 617
Learning with Limulus - Tools for Teaching about Horseshoe Crabs in New Jersey 617
Horseshoe Crab Research at Virginia Tech University 618
Factors Affecting Heat Shock Protein (Hsp70) Levels in Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) Embryos: Effects of Temperature and Exposure to Copper 618
The Investigation on the Resources of Horseshoe Crab in Fujian Province of China 619
Summary of Past and Future Horseshoe Crab Research on Cape Cod, MA (USA) 619
Genetic Diversity in the Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) and Implications for Management 620
Regional Differentiation and Sex-biased Dispersal among Populations of the Horseshoe Crab Limulus polyphemus 621
Clinical Applications of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate 621
A Comparison of Sandy Beaches with Marginal Habitats for Spawning Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in Lower Delaware Bay, New Jersey 622
Identification of Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) Migratory Pathways Using Telemetry and Archival Tags 623
Breeding Behavior and Movement Patterns of Limulus polyphemus in Long Island Sound: Results From a 10-year Tagging Study 623
Fishery Management of Horseshoe Crab in New York 624
Delaware Bay Horseshoe Crab Spawning Survey 625
The Ecology of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas in Singapore 625
Genome Analysis in the Ancient Marine Arthropod, Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) 626
Estimation of Nutrient Requirements for Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus) Grown in Captivity
Analysis of Adult Sizes and Mate Preferences in the Mexican Populations of Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus 627
Contribution to the Understanding of the Biology of the Horseshoe Crab Limulus polyphemus in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico 628
Environmental Factors Triggering Spawning in the American Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) in Northern New England: a Regression Analysis 629
Intraspecific Variation in the Effects of Trace Metals on Late-Stage Limulus polyphemus Embryos 629
An Evaluation of a Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) Beach Spawning Survey for Long Island, NY: Is One Sampling Method Suitable for the Region? 630
Conservation Planning for Endangered Species of Horseshoe Crab in Terms of Geomorphology of Habitats and Life History 631
Protection and Artificial Incubation of Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus tridentatus 631
Sexual Size Dimorphism in Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus): A Test of Competing Hypotheses 632
Evolution of Body Size in Limulus polyphemus 633
Survey and Contrast Radiographic Studies of the Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) 633
Automated Acoustic Tracking of the Endangered Horseshoe Crab: Monitoring Trial in a Small-scale Bay 634
Dissociation between Circadian Rhythms of Visual Sensitivity and Circatidal Rhythms of Locomotion in the Horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus 635
Study on the Construction and Management of the Protected Area for Tachypleus tridentatus Leach in Xiamen 635
Public Education and Social Actions for Conservation of the Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus Tridentatus, in Taiwan 636
Index 637

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.6.2009
• Zusatzinfo: XXVIII, 662 p.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Aquaculture • Biome • Ecology • ecosystem • Ecosystems • Erosion • horseshoe crabs • Model invertebrates • Sediment • water quality
• ISBN-10: 0-387-89959-6 / 0387899596
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-89959-6 / 9780387899596