The Viroids

Buch | Hardcover

366 Seiten

1987 | 1987 ed.
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers (Verlag)
978-0-306-42523-3 (ISBN)

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More than seven years have passed since the first monograph on viroids was published. At that time, the existence of viroids as a novel type of pathogen far smaller than viruses had been amply demonstrated and some of their unusual molecular properties had been elucidated, but the entry of molecular biology into viroid research was still in its infancy. Since that time, our knowledge of the molecular properties of viroids has increased exponentially and viroids have become even more fasci- nating than was the case seven years ago. Today, aside from transfer RNA, viroids are probably the best known type of RNA-at least from a struc- tural standpoint. Much less is known of the mechanisms of viroid func- tion, such as the exact pathway and enzymology of viroid replication and the biochemistry of viroid pathogenesis. Recently, however, emphasis in viroid research has shifted from structural to functional themes and im- portant beginnings have been made in the elucidation of viroid struc- ture-function relationships. With the discovery of viroidlike RNAs within the capsids of certain plant viruses and the finding of surprising structural similarities between viroids and plant satellite RNAs, the conceptual gap between viroids and conventional viruses has significantly narrowed. Even beyond virology, connecting links with cellular RNAs have come to light and the long isolation of viroids land "viroidologists"J has come to an end.

I. Organisms, Viruses, and Viroids.- II. The Biochemical Significance of Viroids.- III. The Possible Evolutionary Significance of Viroids.- IV. References.- I. General Section.- 1 Biological Properties.- I. Introduction.- II. Symptomatology.- A. Macroscopic Symptoms.- B. Cytopathic Effects.- C. Biochemical Disturbances.- III. Ecology and Epidemiology.- A. Origin of Viroid Diseases.- B. Environmental Factors.- C. Natural Transmission.- D. Economic Importance and Control Measures.- IV. Experimental Biology.- A. Experimental Transmission.- B. Experimental Host Range.- C. Propagation.- D. Identification.- E. Quantitation.- F. Purification.- G. Diagnostic Procedures.- H. Interaction with Other Pathogens.- V. References.- 2 Physical—Chemical Properties: Molecular Structure (Primary andSecondary).- I. Introduction.- II. Purification of Viroids.- A. Preparation of Plant Extracts.- B. Purification.- III. Sequence Determination of Viroids.- A. Fingerprint Analysis.- B. Direct RNA Sequencing.- C. Primer-Directed Sequence Analysis.- D. Sequencing of Viroids Using Cloned cDNA.- IV. Structure of Viroids.- A. Circular Structure of Viroids.- B. Sequence and Structure of Viroids.- C. Structural Domains of Viroids.- D. Structure of ASBV.- V. Conclusion.- VI. References.- 3 Physical—Chemical Properties: Structure Formation.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental Analysis.- A. Optical Melting Curves.- B. Calorimetry.- C. Electron Microscopy.- D. Gel Electrophoresis.- E. Kinetics.- F. Influence of Ionic Strength and Other SolventConditions.- III. Theoretical Analysis.- A. Elementary Parameters.- B. Mechanistic Models.- IV. Mechanism.- A. Premelting Regions.- B. Main Transition and Formation of Stable Hairpins.- C. Reversibility.- D. Experiment and Theory.- V. Structure Formation and Function.- A. Viroids: A Dynamic Principle.- B. Premelting and Virulence.- C. Relevance of Stable Hairpins.- VI. Addendum.- VII. References.- 4 Viroid Function: Subcellular Location and in Situ Association withCellular Components.- I. Introduction.- II. Subcellular Location.- A. Nuclei.- B. Other Organelles.- III. Subnuclear Location.- A. Chromosomal Network.- B. Nucleoli.- C. Nucleolar Nucleosomes.- IV. Nature of Viroid Complexes.- A. Ionic Strength Dependence.- B. Viroid-Binding Proteins.- V. Reconstitution of Viroid—Host Interactions.- A. Nuclei.- B. Nucleoli.- VI. Location of Viroid Intermediates.- VII. Location and Function.- VIII. References.- 5 Viroid Function: Viroid Replication.- I. Introduction.- II. The Question of Viroid Translation.- III. Potentially Possible Pathways of Viroid Replication.- A. Presumed DNA-Directed Viroid Replication.- B. RNA-Directed Viroid Replication.- IV. Intermediates and Products of Viroid Replication.- A. Monomeric Circular Viroid (+) RNA, the “Mature” Viroid Proper.- B. Oligomeric Linear Viroid (-) RNA.- C. Oligomeric Linear Viroid (+) RNA.- D. Viroid (+)•(-) RNA Hybrid Molecules.- V. Studies on Viroid Replication in Vivo.- A. Replication in Intact Plants.- B. Replication in Plant Protoplasts and Cultured Cells.- C. Replication in Isolated Plant Cell Nuclei.- VI. Inhibition Studies on Viroid Replication.- VII. Replication Models.- A. The Model of Owens and Diener.- B. The Models of Branch and Robertson.- C. The Model of Ishikawa et al.- D. The Model of Hutchins et al..- VIII. In Vitro Transcription of Viroid RNA with Purified Polymerases.- A. Transcription with DNA-Dependent Plant RNA Polymerases.- B. Transcription with RNA-Dependent Plant RNA Polymerases.- IX. Viroid Replication as Initiated by Cloned Viroid DNA.- A. Infectivity of Cloned Double-Stranded Viroid DNA.- B. Infectivity of Cloned Single-Stranded Viroid DNA.- C. Viroid-Related RNA Transcripts in E. coli.- X. In Vitro Synthesis of Viroid RNA with RNA Transcription Systems.- A. Viroid Synthesis with Bacterial RNA Polymerase/Promoter Systems.- B. Viroid Synthesis with Bacteriophage RNA Polymerase/Promoter Systems.- XI. The Processing of Viroid RNAs.- A. Interconversion of Monomeric Circular and Linear Viroid Molecules in Vitro.- B. Cleavage of Oligomeric Viroids into Monomers.- C. Perspectives.- XII. Structural Requirements for the Replicability of Viroids.- XIII. Structural Requirements for the Processing of Viroid RNA.- XIV. Conclusions.- XV. References.- 6 Viroid Function: Molecular Biology of Viroid—Host Interactions.- I. Viroid Pathogenesis—A Structure/Function Paradigm.- A. Current Models for Viroid Pathogenesis.- B. Possible Mechanisms for Disease Induction.- C. Possible Relationships between Viroid Structure and Function.- II. Site-Specific Mutagenesis of Infectious cDNAs.- A. Minimal Requirements for cDNA Infectivity.- B. Site-Specific Mutagenesis of PSTV and CEV cDNAs.- C. Construction of Chimeric Viroid cDNAs.- D. Characterization of Mutant Viroids.- III. Viroid Transcripts as Substrates for RNA Recombination.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- V. References.- 7 Possible Viroid Origin: Viroids, Virusoids, and Group I Introns.- I. Introduction.- II. Types of Introns.- III. Viroids as Introns.- IV. Viroids and the Self-Splicing Intron of Tetrahymena.- V. Discussion and Digressions.- VI. References.- 8 Possible Viroid Origin: Encapsidated Viroidlike RNA.- I. Introduction.- II. Viruses That Encapsidate Viroidlike RNAs.- III. Are Viroidlike RNAs Satellite RNAs?.- IV. The Dependence of Viroidlike RNA on Viral RNA 1.- V. Structure of Viroidlike RNA.- VI. Replication of Viroidlike RNA.- A. In Vivo Studies.- B. In Vitro Studies.- C. How Is Viroidlike RNA Synthesized?.- VII. Possible Relationships of Viroidlike RNAs to Viroids.- VIII. References.- II. Special Section.- 9 Potato Spindle Tuber.- I. Historical.- II. Geographic Distribution.- III. Symptomatology.- IV. Field Transmission and Spread.- V. Economic Losses.- VI. Host Range.- VII. Strains.- A. Unmottled Curly Dwarf Strain.- B. Mild Strains.- VIII. Experimental Transmission.- IX. Diagnosis.- A. Bioassay.- B. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.- C. Molecular Probes.- X. Interaction with Other Pathogens.- XI. Purification.- XII. Physical—Chemical Properties.- XIII. References.- 10 Citrus Exocortis.- I. Field Symptomatology.- II. Geographic Distribution.- III. Host Range.- IV. Importance of Exocortis.- V. Strains.- VI. Transmission.- A. Transmission by Grafting.- B. Mechanical Transmission.- C. Transmission by Vectors.- D. Transmission through Seed.- E. Transmission by Dodder.- VII. Detection.- A. Indicator Plants.- B. Biochemical Methods of Detection.- VIII. Cytopathic Effects in Host.- IX. Control.- X. Physical—Chemical Properties.- XI. References.- 11 Chrysanthemum Stunt.- I. Introduction.- II. Symptomatology.- A. CSV in Chrysanthemum.- B. Other Viroids in Chrysanthemum.- III. Transmission and Spread.- IV. Host Range.- V. Diagnosis.- A. Bioassay.- B. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.- C. Nucleic Acid Hybridization.- VI. Purification.- VII. Physical—Chemical Properties.- VIII. Control Measures.- A. Elimination by Heat Treatment and Meristem-Tip Culture.- B. Cross-Protection.- IX. References.- 12 Cucumber Pale Fruit.- I. Historical.- II. Geographic Distribution.- III. Symptomatology.- IV. Field Transmission and Spread.- V. Economic Losses.- VI. Control.- VII. Purification.- VIII. Host Range.- IX. Strains.- X. References.- 13 Coconut Cadang-Cadang.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Distribution.- IV. Symptoms and Host Range.- V. Epidemiology.- VI. Economic Losses.- VII. Diagnosis.- VIII. Strains.- IX. Experimental Transmission.- X. Purification.- XI. Physical Properties.- XII. Nucleotide Sequence.- XIII. Relationship between Viroid Structure and Disease Progress.- XIV. References.- 14 Hop Stunt.- I. Disease Occurrence.- II. Symptoms and Damage to Hop Plants.- III. Host Range and Symptomatology.- IV. Transmission and Distribution.- V. Etiology and Purification.- VI. Structure and Function.- VII. Cucumber and Grapevine Isolates.- VIII. Diagnosis and Control.- IX. References.- 15 Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle.- I. Introduction.- II. Symptomatology.- III. Etiology.- IV. Physical Characteristics.- V. Control.- VI. References.- 16 Columnea Latent.- 17Avocado Sunblotch.- I. Introduction.- II. Geographic Distribution and Economic Importance.- III. Host Range.- IV. Symptomatology.- A. Symptomatic Trees.- B. Symptomless Carrier Trees.- C. Effect of Light and Temperature.- V. Strains.- VI. Recovery Phenomenon.- A. Development of Symptomless Condition.- B. Consequences of the Symptomless Carrier Condition.- VII. Transmission.- A. Graft Transmission.- B. Mechanical Transmission.- C. Seed Transmission.- D. Pollen Transmission.- VIII. Mixed Infections with Viruses.- A. Viruses Involved.- B. Problems for ASBV Research.- IX. Isolation and Characterization.- A. Methods of Isolation and Purification.- B. Multiple RNA Species.- C. Nucleotide Sequence.- X. Ultrastructural Cytology.- XI. Detection and Control.- A. Diagnosis.- B. Viroid Inactivation on Tools.- C. Use of Symptomless Trees.- XII. Discussion.- XIII. References.- 18 Tomato Planta Macho.- I. Historical.- II. Geographic Distribution.- III. Symptomatology.- IV. Epidemiology.- V. Economic Losses.- VI. Diagnosis.- VII. Strains.- VIII. Experimental Transmission.- IX. Purification.- X. Physical Properties.- XI. Nucleotide Sequence.- XII. References.- 19 Tomato Apical Stunt.- I. Historical; Geographic Distribution.- II. Symptomatology, Epidemiology, and Strains.- III. Experimental Transmission.- A. Mechanical Inoculation.- B. Aphid Transmission.- IV. Purification.- A. Polyethylene Glycol Method.- B. Rapid Method.- V. Physical—Chemical Properties.- VI. Nucleotide Sequence.- VII. References.- 20 Tomato Bunchy Top.- I. Symptomatology.- II. Host Range.- III. Strains.- IV. References.- 21 Burdock Stunt.- I. Historical.- II. Geographic Distribution.- III. Symptomatology.- IV. Transmission.- V. Viroid Etiology.- VI. Purification.- VII. Some Physical Properties of BSV.- VIII. The Occurrence of BSV RNA-1 and RNA-2 in Separate Plants.- IX. Ultrastructure of Diseased Leaf Tissues.- X. Propagation of BSV RNA-1 in Tissue Culture.- XI. Conclusions.- XII. References.

Erscheint lt. Verlag	30.9.1987
Reihe/Serie	The Viruses
Zusatzinfo	366 p.
Verlagsort	New York
Sprache	englisch
Gewicht	770 g
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Mikrobiologie / Infektologie / Reisemedizin
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Studium
ISBN-10	0-306-42523-8 / 0306425238
ISBN-13	978-0-306-42523-3 / 9780306425233
Zustand	Neuware