Contemporary Nephrology
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers (Verlag)
978-0-306-42531-8 (ISBN)
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1 Isosmotic Fluid Transport across Epithelia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Principles.- 2.1. Osmotic Equilibrium.- 2.2. Osmotic Water Flow.- 2.3. Diffusion.- 2.4. Unstirred Layers.- 2.5. Solute Reflection Coefficient.- 2.6. Two Solutes with Different Reflection Coefficients.- 2.7. Solvent Drag.- 3. Isosmotic Water Transport in Epithelia.- 3.1. Theories of Water Transport.- 3.2. Transepithelial and Cell Membrane Osmotic Water Permeabilities.- 3.3. Water Transport Pathway.- 3.4. Driving Forces for Isosmotic Water Transport.- References.- 2 Renal Hemodynamics and Sodium Chloride Excretion.- 1. Renal Hemodynamics.- 1.1. Myogenic Mechanism.- 1.2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.3. Sensitivity of Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.4. Other Factors Controlling Renal Hemodynamics.- 2. Sodium Chloride Excretion.- 2.1. Sodium Balance and Its Regulation.- 2.2. Atrial Natriuretic Factor.- 3. Function of Discrete Nephron Segments.- 3.1. Proximal Tubule.- 3.2. Loop of Henle.- 3.3. The Collecting System.- References.- 3 Renal Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cultured Epithelia of Renal Origin: Characteristics and Applications to Physiological and Biochemical Studies.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. General Characteristics of Epithelia in Culture.- 2.3. Techniques for Study of Transport.- 2.4. Continuous Epithelial Cell Lines of Renal Origin.- 2.5. Primary Culture Systems.- 2.6. Hormonal Regulation of Transepithelial Ion Transport in a Tight Epithelium (A6 Cells).- 2.7. The Future.- 3. Role of Liver and Kidney in Acid-Base Homeostasis.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Traditional Views.- 3.3. Amino Acid Metabolism—Net Generation of Acid or Base?.- 3.4. Effect of Acid-Base Balance on Hepatic Metabolism.- 3.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 4. Polyphosphoinositides and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengers.- 5. Renal Ischemia and Anoxia.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Renal Oxygenation.- 5.3. Calcium.- 5.4. Free Radicals.- 5.5. Glutathione.- References.- 4 Renal Prostaglandins.- 1. Prostaglandin Synthesis Degradation and Excretion by the Kidney.- 1.1. Renal Synthesis of Eicosanoids and Stimuli of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism.- 1.2. Prostaglandin Degradation.- 1.3. The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis.- 1.4. Renal Excretion of Prostaglandins.- 1.5. Summary.- 2. Interrelationships of Prostaglandins and Vasopressin in the Control of Water Excretion by the Kidney.- 2.1. In Vitro Studies Using Cultured Collecting Tubular Cells in Isolated Nephron Segments.- 2.2. In Vivo Experiments Evaluating AVP and PGE2 in Animals and Humans.- 2.3. Summary.- 3. Sodium Excretion, Diuretics, and Renal Prostaglandins.- 3.1. Mechanisms of Prostaglandin-Induced Natriuresis and Chloruresis.- 3.2. In Vivo Studies of Sodium Excretion and Prostaglandins in Humans.- 3.3. Summary.- 4. Prostaglandins, Renin Secretion, and Bartter’s Syndrome.- 4.1. Prostaglandin-Renin Interrelationships Studied In Vitro.- 4.2. Prostaglandin Regulation of Renin Secretion In Vivo.- 4.3. Bartter’s Syndrome: Renin Prostaglandins.- 4.4. Summary.- 5. Renal Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Renal Eicosanoids.- 5.1. The Role of Eicosanoids in the Control of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate.- 5.2. Interactions of Vasoconstrictor Hormones with Vasodilatory Eicosanoids.- 5.3. The Clinical Nephrotoxicity of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.- 5.4. Summary.- 6. Eicosanoids and Renal Disease.- 6.1. Immunologic Glomerular Disease.- 6.2. Diabetes and Renal Prostaglandins.- 6.3. Renal Transplant Rejection.- 6.4. Acute Renal Failure.- 6.5. Ureteral Obstruction.- 6.6. Miscellaneous Renal Disease.- 6.7. Summary.- 7. Hypertension, Prostaglandins, and Thromboxane.- 7.1. Experimental Studies in Animal Models of Renal Artery Stenosis.- 7.2. The Role of TxA2 in Experimental Hypertension.- 7.3. Role of Prostaglandins in Essential Hypertension in Humans.- 7.4. The Interactions of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs with Antihypertensive Therapy.- 7.5. Summary.- 8. Miscellaneous Actions of Renal Eicosanoids.- 8.1. Prostaglandins, Hypoxia, and Erythropoietin.- 8.2. Prostaglandins and the Renal Excretion of Calcium, Phosphate, and Ammonia.- References.- 5 Acid-Base Physiology and Pathophysiology.- 1. Proximal Tubule.- 2. Metabolic Alkalosis.- 3. Renal Cortical PCO2.- 4. Loop of Henle.- 5. Distal Acidification.- 6. Clinical Studies of Distal Acidification.- 7. Ammonia.- 8. Renal Adaptation to Respiratory Change.- 9. Lactic Acidosis.- References.- 6 Mineral Metabolism.- 1. Vitamin D Endocrine System.- 1.1. Vitamin D Metabolism.- 1.2. Regulation of Renal Calcitriol Production.- 1.3. Extrarenal Production of Calcitriol.- 1.4. Actions of Calcitriol.- 1.5. Actions of 24,25(OH)2D.- 2. Parathyroid Hormone.- 2.1. Secretion.- 2.2. Factors Affecting PTH Secretion.- 2.3. Parathyroid Hormone Structure-Activity Relationships and Development of Inhibitors.- 2.4. PTH Receptor.- 2.5. PTH Assays.- 2.6. PTH as a Uremic Toxin.- 3. Calcitonin.- 4. Calcium: Physiology and Pathophysiology.- 4.1. Renal Handling of Calcium.- 4.2. Factors Affecting Calcium Reabsorption.- 4.3. Hypercalcemia.- 4.4. Hypocalcemia.- 5. Calicum Nephrolithiasis.- 5.1. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria.- 5.2. Citrate Excretion.- 5.3. Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation.- 6. Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.1. Histopathology of Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.2. Pathogenesis of Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.3. Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.4. Desferrioxamine Infusion Test.- 6.5. Prevention and Management of Renal Osteodystrophy 257 References.- 7 Recent Advances in the Role of the Renal Nervous System and Renin in Hypertension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Renal Sympathetic Nervous System.- 2.1. Renal Neuroanatomy and Its Integrative Connections.- 2.2. Physiologic Role of Renal Sympathetic Innervation.- 2.3. RSNA in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension.- 2.4. Salt and Neurogenic Factors in Hypertension.- 3. The Renin-Angiotensin System.- 3.1. Biosynthesis and Processing of Renin.- 3.2. Regulation of Renin Secretion.- 3.3. Evidence That Inactive Renin Is Prorenin.- 3.4. Active Renin and Prorenin in Hypertension.- References.- 8 Immunologic Aspects of Renal Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Immune Glomerular Injury.- 2.1. Glomerular Immune Deposit Formation.- 2.2. Mediation of Immune Renal Injury.- 2.3. Interstitial Nephritis.- 3. Clinical Aspects of Immune Renal Disease.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Diseases That Present as Acute Glomerulonephritis.- 4. Diseases That Commonly Present as Nephrotic Syndrome.- 4.1. Nephrotic Syndrome—Physiology and Consequences.- 4.2. Minimal-Change Nephrotic Syndrome.- 4.3. Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis and IgM Nephropathy.- 4.4. Focal Glomerulosclerosis.- 4.5. Treatment of MCNS-FGS.- 4.6. Membranous Nephropathy.- 4.7. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.- 5. Glomerular Involvement in Systemic Immune Diseases.- 5.1. Vasculitis.- 5.2. Glomerulonephritis in Renal Transplants.- 5.3. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.- References.- 9 Acute Renal Failure and Toxic Nephropathy.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Radiographic Contrast Agent-Induced Acute Renal Failure.- 1.2. Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity.- 2. Postischemic Acute Renal Failure.- 2.1. Plasma Membrane Alterations and Renal Ischemia.- 2.2. Phospholipids in Ischemic Injury.- 2.3. Alterations of Cellular Calcium Metabolism and Ischemic Injury.- 2.4. Mitochondrial Alterations in Ischemic Cell Injury.- 2.5. Role of Depletion of High-Energy Phosphate Stores in Ischemic Injury.- 2.6. Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in Postischemic Cell Injury.- 2.7. Protective Measures in Ischemic Cell Injury.- 3. Summary.- References.- 10 The Kidney in Systemic Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Disorders of the Renal Microvasculature.- 2.1. Thrombotic Microangiopathies.- 2.2. Scleroderma.- 2.3. Diabetes Mellitus.- 3. Renal Consequences of Tumors.- 3.1. Hematologic Tumors.- 3.2. Solid Tumors.- References.- 11 Congenital Renal Disorders and Kidney Tumors: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.- 2.1. Pathogenesis.- 2.2. Cyst Function in ADPKD.- 2.3. Clinical Features and Associated Disorders in ADPKD.- 3. Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 3.1. Acquired Cystic Disease and Cancer.- 3.2. Hereditary Renal Cell Cancer.- 3.3. Animal Tumor Models.- 3.4. Histopathology of Renal Cell Cancer.- 3.5. Rare Primary Tumors of the Kidney.- 3.6. Clinical Signs and Symptoms.- 3.7. Diagnosis and Staging of Renal Cell Cancer.- 3.8. Natural History of Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 3.9. Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma.- References.- 12 The Uremic Syndrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Uremic Toxins.- 3. Progression of Renal Dysfunction.- 3.1. Protein Restriction.- 3.2. Phosphate Restriction.- 3.3. Uremic Symptoms.- 3.4. Acquired Cystic Disease.- 4. The Skin.- 5. The Muscles and Joints.- 5.1. Muscles.- 5.2. Joints and Supporting Structures.- 6. The Gastrointestinal System.- 6.1. Oral Cavity.- 6.2. Esophagus.- 6.3. Stomach and Duodenum.- 6.4. Intestines.- 6.5. Liver.- 6.6. Pancreas.- 7. The Pulmonary System.- 8. The Cardiovascular System.- 8.1. Heart.- 8.2. Pericardium.- 8.3. Hyperlipidemia.- 8.4. Vasculature.- 9. The Hemopoietic System.- 9.1. Red Blood Cells.- 9.2. Hemostasis.- 9.3. Leukocytes.- 10. The Immune System.- 10.1. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 10.2. Humoral Immunity.- 11. The Nervous System.- 11.1. Central Nervous System.- 11.2. Peripheral Nervous System.- 11.3. Autonomic Nervous System.- 11.4. Neurobehavioral Disorders.- 12. The Endocrine System.- 12.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 12.2. Thyroid Gland.- 12.3. Gonads.- 12.4. Adrenal Glands.- 12.5. Growth Factors.- 12.6. Parathyroid Glands and Renal Osteodystrophy.- References.- 13 Nutrition in Renal Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progression of Renal Insufficiency.- 2.1. Progression in Experimental Renal Disease.- 2.2. Nonprotein Dietary Factors.- 2.3. Progression in Humans.- 2.4. Therapeutic Trials in Progressive Renal Disease.- 3. Metabolism in CRF.- 3.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 3.2. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism.- 3.3. Lipid Metabolism.- 3.4. Treatment of Hyperlipidemia.- 3.5. Carnitine.- 4. Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring of Protein Intake.- 5. Trace Elements and Vitamins.- 5.1. Trace Elements.- 5.2. Zinc.- 5.3. Iron.- 5.4. Nickel.- 5.5. Cobalt.- 5.6. Selenium.- 5.7. Vitamins.- 6. Oxalate.- 7. Nutrition in Childhood Renal Failure.- 8. Nutrition and Renal Transplantation.- 9. Nephrotic Syndrome.- 10. Acute Renal Failure.- 10.1. Protein Metabolism.- 10.2. Glucose Metabolism.- 10.3. Fat Metabolism.- 10.4. Nutrition, Renal Regeneration, and Function.- 10.5. Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Renal Failure.- 10.6. Energy Substrates.- References.- 14 Dialysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Shortening Treatment Time.- 3. Quantitation of Treatment.- 4. Treatment of Acute Renal Failure.- 5. Peritoneal Dialysis.- 6. Blood-Membrane Interaction and First-Use Syndromes.- 7. Access/Anticoagulation.- 8. Vascular Refilling Rate/Colloid Osmotic Pressure.- 9. Reuse.- 10. Hemofiltration.- References.- 15 Renal Transplantation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunogenetics.- 2.1. Molecular Biology.- 2.2. Dynamic Expression of HLA Molecules and Graft Rejection.- 2.3. Clinical Applications.- 3. Immunosuppression.- 3.1. Cyclosporine.- 3.2. Anti-T-Cell Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3.3. Anti-Interleukin-2 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 16 Drugs and the Kidney.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Effects of Renal Disease on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.- 2.1. Absorption and Distribution of Drugs.- 2.2. Binding to Plasma Proteins.- 2.3. Biotransformation.- 3. Drug Effects on the Kidney.- 3.1. Tubular Mechanisms of Drug Transport.- 3.2. Changes in Renal Drug Handling with Age.- 4. Clinical Use of Drugs in Renal Failure.- 4.1. Assessment of Renal Function.- 4.2. Dosing Strategy in Patients with Renal Failure.- 4.3. Effects of Extracorporeal Treatment and Peritoneal Dialysis on Drug Treatment.- 4.4. Drug Interactions.- 5. Aspects of Specific Drugs in Patients with Renal Disease or Hypertension.- 5.1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics.- 5.2. Other Antimicrobial Drugs.- 5.3. Cardiovascular Drugs.- 5.4. Miscellaneous Drugs.- 6. Nephrotoxicity of Therapeutic Agents.- 6.1. Cyclosporine.- 6.2. Lithium.- 6.3. Cisplatin.- 6.4. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics.- 6.5. Radiographic Contrast Media.- 6.6. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- 6.7. Miscellaneous Drugs.- References.
| Zusatzinfo | 774 p. |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Gewicht | 1200 g |
| Themenwelt | Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Nephrologie |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-306-42531-9 / 0306425319 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-306-42531-8 / 9780306425318 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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